Table 1. Pharmacotherapy used or proposed for adults with tumors of the central nervous system (CNS).

Drug Target and/or Mechanism(s) of Action	Agent(s)	Tumors of the Adult CNS for Which Agents Are Proposed or Used
Multidrug resistance	MRP antisense constructs p16 p14ARF Methionine-free diet Scutellaria baicalensis extracts	Glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma
	Verapamil	Alters drug efflux in brain vascular endothelial cells but not glial tumor cells
Signaling effectors	Erlotinib Gefitinib Nelfinavir TRAIL HGF and c-Met antisense constructs	Glioblastoma (adjunctive)
DNA modification, damage, and repair	Temozolomide BCNU CCNU Procarbazine Cyclophosphamide Carboplatin Etoposide Camptothecan Doxorubicin Ape-1 antisense constructs	Glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low-grade glioma, oligodendroglioma, CNS lymphoma, spinal ependymoma (esp. etoposide),
Targeted (including immune-based) therapy	Tyrosinase-related peptide-targeted cytotoxic T lymphocytes	Glioblastoma
	Receptor ligand-toxin fusion proteins	CNS lymphoma
	Rituximab
Adhesion and invasion; angiogenesis	cyclic pentapeptide EMD 121974	Glioblastoma
Apoptosis effectors	Bcl-XL antisense constructs Curcumin Ruthenium complex analogue of cisplatin HSV thymidine kinase + gancyclovir Cyclosporin A Transglutaminase 2 inhibitors	Malignant glioma, glioblastoma
Hormone receptor ligands	Pegvisomant Octreotide Lanreotide BIM-23745 Chimeric somatostatin-dopamine molecules Selective estrogen receptor modulators Aromatase inhibitors	Pituitary adenomas
Neurotransmitter receptor ligands	Cabergoline Bromocriptine Quinagolide Chimeric somatostatin-dopamine molecules	Pituitary adenomas