Table 19.
Comparison of aluminium in the bulk brain samples from AD subjects with those of controls. Adopted and modified from Yokel (2000).
| Referencea | Methodb | # of Subjects | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | Control | |||
| Crapper et al. (1973) | EAAS | 5 | 3 | Heterogeneous distribution within subjects. Some overlap of AD & control values. Grand mean AD 4 times controls. |
| Crapper et al. (1976) | EAAS | 10 | 7 | Continuation of above 28% of AD values > 3 SD above control value mean. |
| Trapp et al. (1978) | EAAS | 4 | 4 | Grand mean AD 1.4 times controlsc. |
| McDermott et al. (1979) | EAAS | 10 | 9 | No difference AD vs. control. |
| Crapper et al. (1980) | EAAS | Aluminium in nuclear and heterochromatin fractions of AD 2 times control values. | ||
| Yase (1980) | NAA | 3 | 3 | Non-significant, 1.4 times, elevation in AD. |
| Traub et al. (1981) | EAAS | 7 | 4 | 4 of 7 AD considered in normal range. Mean of normal 1.375, of AD 3.07 μg/g, significantly different. |
| Markesbery et al. (1981) | NAA | 12 | 28 | Mean and median of control 1.3 times AD, maximum AD value > max. control value. |
| Yoshimasu et al. (1985) | NAA | 4 | 6 | Significant elevation in AD (average = 33.5 vs. 19.4 μg/g dry weight) |
| Ward & Mason (1987) | NAA | 28 | 30 | Canadian samples: mean AD 8-10 times controlsc. |
| 30 | 30 | UK samples: mean AD 3 times controlsc. | ||
| Jacobs et al. (1989) | EAAS | 6 | 4 | Control mean 2 times AD mean. |
| Lukiw et al. (1991) | EAAS | Aluminium in a chromatin subcompartment, the dinucleosome fraction, 3 times control values. | ||
| Xu et al. (1992c) | EAAS | 10 | 10 | Approx. 2 times as much in hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule and temporal gyri of AD than controlc. |
| Edwardson et al. (1992) | EAAS | 8 | 8 | Control mean 1.2 times AD mean. |
| Yoshida et al. (1993); Yoshida & Yoshimasu (1996) | NAA | 10 | 8 | Aluminium concentrations reported to be above age-matched controls. |
| Andrasi et al. (1995) | ICP-AES & NAA | 9 | 20 | 10 brain regions: AD 2.4-8.1 times control, overall AD 3.8 times controlc. |
| Bjertness et al. (1996) | EAAS | 16 | 14 | No difference. |
| Srivastava & Jain (2002) | ICP-MS | 4 | 4 | Aluminium significantly higher in parietal cortex but not cerebellum. |
| Andrási et al. (2005) | ICP-AES & INAA | 3 | 3 | AD brain had significantly higher Al concentrations. Five brain regions were studied. |
a
in chronological order of publication
b
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
c
statistically significant