Table 20.
Comparison of aluminium in NFTs from AD subjects with those in controls, determined by microprobe analysis or staining. Adopted and modified from Yokel (2000).
| Referencea | Methodb | # of subjects | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | CONTROL | |||
| Terry & Pena (1965) | EDX | 1 | Aluminium not detected. | |
| Perl & Brody (1980) | EDX | 3 | 3 | Aluminium seen in nucleus & cytoplasm of NFT-positive cells in AD (91 & 29%) and controls (90 & 11%), but not in non-NFT-bearing neurons (2 - 6%). |
| Masters et al. (1985) | EDX | Excessive Aluminium seen. | ||
| Candy et al. (1986) | EDX | Aluminium and silicon were co-localized in plaque cores in AD and mentally-normal subjects. | ||
| Kobayashi et al. (1987) | WDX | 1 | Aluminium not detected. | |
| Jacobs et al. (1989) | EDX | 7 | Aluminium not detected. | |
| Schuurmans Stekhoven et al. (1990) | EDX n=5 LMMS n=3 | 5 | Aluminium not detected. | |
| Moretz et al. (1990) | EDX | 3 | Unable to demonstrate significant aluminium. | |
| Chafi et al. (1991) | WDX SIMS | 7 | Aluminium not detected. | |
| Good et al. (1992) | LMMS | 10 | 4 | In neurons with NFTs, Aluminium in NFTs > cytoplasm, nucleus & neuropil. |
| Sparkman (1993) | EDX | Aluminium detected in NFTs, but not consistently in paired helical filaments. | ||
| Lovell et al. (1993) | LMMS | 7 | 5 | Grand mean [Al] AD cytoplasm of NFT-bearing neurons (2.9 μg/gm), non-NFT-bearing neurons (2.3); control neuron cytoplasm (1.85) [Al] > 3 σ above control means: AD neurons 9.6-14.3%, control 1.3-1.5%. |
| Bouras et al. (1997) | LMMS | 4 | 3 | Aluminium in nuclei of NFT-free neurons and in the neuropil in hippocampus and inferior temporal cortex was 2.2 to 3.4 fold higher than in controls |
| Reusche (1997) | LMMS | Aluminium not detected. | ||
| Makjanic et al. (1998) | Nuclear microscopy | Aluminium seen in neurons and neuropil of fixed, osmicated tissue. Aluminium not see in unstained, untreated tissue. |
||
| Kasa et al. (1995) | solachrone azurine | 10 | 5 | Weak staining of cortical and hippocampal NFTs. |
a
in chronological order of publication
b
EDX = Energy dispersive (electron probe) X-ray microanalysis; WDX = wavelength dispersive X-ray microanalysis; SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry; LMMS = Laser microprobe mass spectroscopy