Dissolved oxygen changes in hypoxia tank and control tank during medaka hypoxia experiments. Two 20 gal aquaria were programmed to become hypoxic and one 20 gal control aquarium was immediately adjacent to the others. Each tank was monitored and maintained under pre-set oxygen level profiles using an OxyCycler oxygen control system (Model F84DO, BioSpherix, NY, USA) specifically designed for aquaria. The control tank (blue line) was maintained at 7.3–8.0 mg l−1 DO throughout the experiment by bubbling compressed air through air stones into the tank water. The oxygen level in the hypoxic tanks (pink line) was slowly (over 5 h) brought to 2.5 mg l−1 by bubbling compressed air or nitrogen through air stones, then dropped to 2.0, 1.5 and finally 0.8 mg l−1 over each day and held at 0.8 mg l−1 for 5 d when the fish were sacrificed for experimental analyses.