Table 1.
Description of the study population; the HUNT 2 study
| Nondiabetic subjects* | Diabetic subjects without an HFU* | Diabetic subjects with an HFU* | P † | P ‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 63,632 | 1,339 | 155 | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 49.7 ± 17.3 | 65.6 ± 13.6 | 67.2 ± 14.0 | <0.001 | 0.157 |
| Male sex (%) | 46.7 | 49.7 | 56.8 | 0.012 | 0.097 |
| Single (%) | 40.1 | 38.1 | 45.8 | 0.150 | 0.064 |
| Education (≥10 years) (%) | 64.0 | 37.7 | 33.8 | <0.001 | 0.367 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 4.1 | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 29.3 ± 5.3 | <0.001 | 0.396 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.2 ± 11.6 | 95.0 ± 12.0 | 98.2 ± 12.3 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Physical activity <1 h/week (%) | 19.8 | 27.5 | 37.2 | <0.001 | 0.026 |
| Current smokers (%) | 29.0 | 16.8 | 11.1 | <0.001 | 0.070 |
| Cardiovascular disease status | |||||
| Self-reported stroke (%) | 1.8 | 5.0 | 12.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported myocardial infarction (%) | 3.0 | 12.6 | 15.3 | <0.001 | 0.345 |
| Self-reported angina pectoris (%) | 4.6 | 18.5 | 22.0 | <0.001 | 0.307 |
| Hypertension | 23.9 | 56.4 | 57.4 | <0.001 | 0.81 |
| Subgroups of diabetes | |||||
| Type 1 (%) | — | 16.9 | 26.0 | ||
| Type 2 (%) | — | 83.1 | 74.0 | ||
| Diabetes-specific variables | |||||
| A1C (% units) | — | 8.1 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 2.0 | — | 0.015 |
| Insulin use (%) | — | 31.8 | 43.5 | — | 0.004 |
| Microalbuminuria§ | — | 27.3 | 40.0 | — | 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) (median) | — | 6.0 | 10.0 | — | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular surgery (%) | — | 2.7 | 10.7 | — | <0.001 |
| Eye problems due to diabetes (%) | — | 11.9 | 24.8 | — | <0.001 |
| Any lower limb amputations (%) | — | 0.7 | 5.2 | — | <0.001 |
| Psychological assessment | |||||
| HADS-D score (0–21) | 3.5 ± 3.1 | 4.3 (SD 3.4) | 4.7 (SD 3.6) | <0.001 | 0.180 |
| HADS-D (score ≥8) (%) | 10.8 | 17.1 | 18.8 | 0.002 | 0.614 |
| HADS-D (score ≥11) (%) | 3.2 | 6.0 | 7.6 | 0.002 | 0.439 |
Data are means ± SD or %. *Sample sizes vary somewhat depending on the actual completion of the different tests and questionnaires.
†Significance of the t test or χ2 test for difference between participants with a history of diabetic foot ulcers and those without diabetes.
‡Significance of the t test or χ2 test for difference between participants with and without a history of diabetic foot ulcer.
§Microalbuminuria was defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio >2.5 mg/mmol in at least two of three urine samples.