Table 2.
Results of unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality in diabetic participants without an HFU compared with nondiabetic participants and diabetic participants with a history of HFU compared with the nondiabetic population (models 1 and 2) and in diabetic participants with an HFU compared with those without an HFU (models 3–5)
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Unadjusted | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 64,109* | 64,109 | 64,109 | 1,435† | 1,435 | 1,435 | 1,435 |
| Nondiabetic subjects | Ref.‡ | Ref.‡ | Ref.‡ | — | — | — | — |
| Diabetes without an HFU | 4.21 (3.83–4.62) | 1.70 (1.54–1.86) | 1.62 (1.48–1.78) | Ref.‡ | Ref.‡ | Ref.‡ | Ref.‡ |
| Diabetes with an HFU | 6.80 (5.40–8.55) | 2.29 (1.82–2.88) | 2.20 (1.75–2.77) | 1.68 (1.31–2.16) | 1.47 (1.14–1.89) | 1.46 (1.14–1.89) | 1.41 (1.09–1.82) |
| Age (years) | 1.12 (1.11–1.12) | 1.12 (1.12–1.12) | 1.11 (1.11–1.12) | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) |
| Male sex | 1.41 (1.35–1.48) | 1.74 (1.66–1.83) | 1.67 (1.58–1.75) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 1.49 (1.23–1.79) | 1.46 (1.20–1.76) | 1.44 (1.18–1.74) |
| Education (<10 years)§ | 4.08 (3.86–4.32) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 1.93 (1.55–2.39) | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) | 0.94 (0.75–1.19) | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) |
| Current smoking | 0.85 (0.80–090) | 1.64 (1.54–1.73) | 1.64 (1.55–1.74) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 1.80 (1.42–2.27) | 1.76 (1.39–2.23) | 1.75 (1.38–2.22) |
| Waist circumference >102 or 88 cm§ | 1.97 (1.87–2.01) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 1.16 (0.96–1.39) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) |
| Cardiovascular disease‖ | 6.38 (6.06–6.73) | 1.56 (1.48–1.65) | 2.56 (2.15–3.04) | 1.53 (1.28–1.83) | 1.50 (1.25–1.80) | ||
| Depression (score ≥8)§ | 2.32 (2.18–2.47) | 1.35 (1.27–1.44) | 1.49 (1.20–1.86) | 1.37 (1.10–1.72) | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) | ||
| Microalbuminuria§¶ | — | — | 2.34 (1.96–2.81) | 1.55 (1.25–1.82) | |||
| A1C | — | — | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | |||
| Insulin use | — | — | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) |
Data are HR (95% CI). *n = 64,109 (62,623 = nondiabetic participants, 1,333 = participants with diabetes without an HFU, and 153 = participants with diabetes with an HFU).
†n = 1,435 distributed as n = 1,290 (diabetes without an HFU) and n = 145 (diabetes with an HFU).
‡Reference category.
§Unknown cases entered as separate category.
‖Known angina, stroke, or myocardial infarction, as reported at baseline.
¶Albumin-to-creatinine ratio >2.5 mg/mmol in at least two of the three urine samples was used to define microalbuminuria.