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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Oct 27;15(21):6479–6483. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0889

Figure 2. Myc and HIF-1 regulate glucose metabolism and stimulate the Warburg effect.

Figure 2

Myc and HIF-1 are depicted to regulate (dotted lines) genes involved in glucose metabolism (glucose transporter Glut1, hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1)), favoring the conversion of glucose to lactate (glycolysis). Myc is also depicted to stimulate glutamine metabolism through the regulation of transporters (SLC1A5) and glutaminase (GLS). Glutamine is shown converted to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) for catabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to malate, which is transported into the cytoplasm and converted to pyruvate and then to lactate (glutaminolysis). High energy electrons (e-) from the TCA cycle is shown transported with the electron transport chain (ETC). PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase.