Table 2.
Concentration and Plant Sources of Commonly Found Anthocyanins
| Vaccinium macrocarpon | Ribes nigrum | Ribes grossularia | Aronia melanocarpa | Sambucus nigra | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cranberry | Cranberry | Black Currant | Black Currant | Black Currant | Gooseberry | Chokeberry | Chokeberry | Elderberry | Elderberry | |
| Anthocyanins | [23] | [24] | [25] | [25] | [26] | [26] | [26] | [24] | [26] | [27] |
| cy 3-glu | 39.6 | 7.4 | 165 | 165 | 124.8–285.6 | 0.49–54.2 | 376 | 16.9 | 7398 | 2141–2518 |
| cy 3-(coum)glu | 4.3–44.3 | 1.3–22.6 | ||||||||
| cy 3-(caff)glu | 2.4–4.5 | |||||||||
| cy3-gal | 907.2 | 88.9 | 0.25 | 9897 | 1256.3 | |||||
| cy 3-ara | 853.2 | 48 | 3993 | 1424.3 | ||||||
| cy 3-rut | 890 | 851 | 704.4–1388.3 | 4.6–33.6 | 44 | |||||
| cy 3-xyl | 515 | 469 | ||||||||
| cy 3-sam | 5459 | 2705–2770 | ||||||||
| cy 3-sam-5-glu | 826 | |||||||||
| dp 3-glu | 372 | 270 | 542.0–1132.1 | |||||||
| dp 3-rut | 916 | 841 | 1803.0–3114 | |||||||
| pt 3-(coum)glu | 13.4–144.1 | |||||||||
| pt 3-gal | 32.4 | |||||||||
| pt 3-rut | 1 | 2 | 18.6–41.5 | |||||||
| pn 3-glu | 40.4 | 0.5–1.3 | ||||||||
| pn 3-gal | 1195.2 | 213.6 | ||||||||
| pn 3-ara | 568.8 | 99.7 | ||||||||
| pn 3-rut | 12 | 8 | 4.0–16.7 | 0.5–1.5 | ||||||
| pg 3-glu | 18 | |||||||||
| pg 3-ara | 23 | |||||||||
| pg 3-rut | 12.6–22.2 | |||||||||
| Vitis vinifera | Vaccinium angustifolium | Vaccinium corymbosum | Vaccinium myrtillus | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabernet Franc | Merlot | Pinot Noir | Grape skin | Lowbush blueberry | Lowbush blueberry | Highbush blueberry | Highbush blueberry | Bilberry | Bilberry | |
| Anthocyanins | [28] | [28] | [28] | [29] | [30] | [23] | [30] | [24] | [31] | [25] |
| cy 3-glu | 29.9–53.8 | 59.4–87.5 | 21.1–24.1 | 27.9–53.1 | 91 | 95.2 | 6.8 | 30.4 | 488 | 488 |
| cy 3-(ac)glu | 8.1–14.0 | 11.6–15.4 | 18.7–25.9 | 66.8 | 27.2 | 17.3 | ||||
| cy 3-(coum)glu | 4.3–5.1 | 8.7–9.5 | ||||||||
| cy 3-gal | 93.7 | 85 | 27.4 | 74.9 | 533 | 493 | ||||
| cy 3-(ac)gal | 19.3 | 1.2 | ||||||||
| cy 3-ara | 57.5 | 19.7 | 689 | 450 | ||||||
| cy 3-(ac)ara | 9.5 | 6.8 | ||||||||
| dp 3-glu | 105.0–115.7 | 173.0–250.6 | 62.5–105.6 | 231.7–431.6 | 162 | 132.6 | 78.8 | 112.3 | 766 | 562 |
| dp 3-(ac)glu | 25.6–31.5 | 34.2–46.5 | 57–111.3 | 101.9 | 23.8 | 33 | ||||
| dp 3-(coum)glu | 8.3–10.1 | 16.5–16.6 | ||||||||
| dp 3-gal | 158.8 | 130.9 | 140.8 | 187.4 | 857 | 629 | ||||
| dp3-(ac)gal | 58.8 | 5.7 | ||||||||
| dp 3-ara | 70.8 | 88.4 | 142.2 | 94 | 859 | 632 | ||||
| pt 3-glu | 73.1–78.8 | 110.0–125.6 | 68.7–104.5 | 270.9–385.2 | 115.2 | 181.9 | 51.1 | 70.3 | 437 | 359 |
| pt 3-(ac)glu | 22.8–23.0 | 25.4–29.2 | 84–114.1 | 70.7 | 25.5 | 19.3 | ||||
| pt 3-(coum)glu | 5.5–7.7 | 9.4–11.7 | 33.6–69.7 | |||||||
| pt3-gal | 80.4 | 86.7 | 77.3 | 144.3 | 186 | 167 | ||||
| pt 3-(ac)gal | 1.9 | 0.7 | ||||||||
| pt 3-ara | 33.3 | 54.4 | 50.4 | 128.9 | 147 | 137 | ||||
| pt3-glu | 87.4–106.2 | 74.2–80.9 | 114.2–146.2 | 259.5–381.9 | 49.3 | 5 | 160 | 187 | ||
| pn 3-(ac)glu | 29.7–35.2 | 12.7–14.1 | 118.7–165.5 | 47.8 | 18.7 | 3.5 | ||||
| pn 3-(coum)glu | 17.4–18.4 | 8.8–12.0 | 78.3–300 | |||||||
| pn 3-(caff)glu | 1.6–2.6 | 2.1–3.1 | ||||||||
| pn 3-gal | 25.3 | 32.3 | 5.7 | 33 | 34 | |||||
| pn 3-(ac)gal | 15.3 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| pn 3-ara | 18.7 | 33 | 20 | |||||||
| mv 3-glu | 188.3–263.1 | 203.0–248.2 | 303.5–378.5 | 1834.7–2889.7 | 199 | 239.7 | 112.1 | 114.6 | 492 | 350 |
| mv 3-(ac)glu | 55.4–76.8 | 43.6–56.1 | 923.3–1720.6 | 221.1 | 78.2 | 40 | ||||
| mv 3-(coum)glu | 23.0–39.9 | 20.6–35.1 | 564.3–1908.3 | |||||||
| mv 3-gal | 174.2 | 244.8 | 137.2 | 150.1 | 181 | 124 | ||||
| mv 3-(ac)gal | 116.2 | 27.2 | 24 | |||||||
| mv 3-ara | 68.3 | 98.6 | 122.2 | 114.5 | 136 | 91 | ||||
| Prunus cerasus | Prunus avium | Rubus occidentalis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tart cherries | Tart cherries | Tart cherries | Tart cherries | Tart cherries | Sweet Cherry | Sweet Cherry | Sweet Cherry | Black Raspberry | Black Raspberry | |
| Anthocyanins | [32] | [33] | [34] | [35] | [36] | [37] | [35] | [36] | [38] | [39] |
| cy 3-glu | 5.2–12.8 | 6 | 14.3–27.9 | 63.2–441 | 115.1 | 22.6–120.6 | 359–890 | |||
| cy 3-(coum)glu | 4535.3 | |||||||||
| cy 3-rut | 92.6–252.6 | 11.0–49.0 | 94 | 104.8 | 154.5–219.7 | 721.6–1933.3 | 477.5 | 268.2–747.4 | 498–1677 | |
| cy 3-glucorut | 173.0–518.9 | 1.0–165 | 373 | 230 | 889.5–2276.6 | |||||
| cy 3-xylorut | 591–1158 | |||||||||
| cy 3-arabinorut | 17 | |||||||||
| cy 3-sam | 335–552 | |||||||||
| cy 3 (coum)sam | 1295.8 | |||||||||
| cy 3-sopho | 7.2–28.9 | 3.5 | 30.7–119.3 | |||||||
| pn 3-glu | 2.5–7.6 | 1.4 | ||||||||
| pn 3-rut | 17 | 17.8 | 5.9–91.7 | 6.7 | 8.0–58.4 | |||||
| pg 3-glu | 2 | |||||||||
| pg 3-rut | 24.1–158 | 3.3 | ||||||||
| Smilax aspera | Ocimum basilicum | Solanum tuberosum | Tropaeolum tuberosum | Daucus carota | Kalanchoe blossfeldiana | Hippeastrum | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarsaparilla berries | Purple basil | Potato skin | Potato flesh | Mashua Potato | Black Carrot | Flower | Flower | |||
| Anthocyanins | [40] | [41] | [42] | [42] | [43] | [44] | [45] | [46] | ||
| cy 3-glu | 3.8 | 7.3–47.5 | ||||||||
| cy 3-(coum)glu | 1.5 | |||||||||
| cy 3-rut | 1670 | 3.6–60.5 | 76.5–965.7 | |||||||
| cy 3-sopho | 27.8–113.4 | |||||||||
| cy 3-sopho-5-rham | 40.9–132.0 | |||||||||
| cy 3-xyloglucogal | 71.7 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(feru)xyloglucogal | 750.3 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(caff)xyloglucogal | 8.8 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(sina)xyloglucogal | 142.6 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(coum)xyloglucogal | 512.9 | |||||||||
| cy 3-lathy | 255.2 | |||||||||
| cy 3,5-diglu | 1.5 | 26.0–305.8 | ||||||||
| cy 3-(coum)glu-5-glu | 3.6 | |||||||||
| dp 3-glu | 7.4–35.6 | |||||||||
| dp 3-sopho-5-rham | 64.6–228.3 | |||||||||
| dp 3-glu-5-rham | 27.8–113.4 | |||||||||
| dp 3-glu-5-(ac)rham | 214.8–594.8 | |||||||||
| dp 3-sopho-5-(ac)rham | 64.6–729.4 | |||||||||
| dp 3,5-diglu | 2.9–82.8 | |||||||||
| pt 3-(coum)rut-5-glu | 3325–4376 | 115–2320 | ||||||||
| pt 3,5-diglu | 1.3–61.2 | |||||||||
| pn 3,5-diglu | 1.5 | 1.0–74.5 | ||||||||
| pn 3-(coum)glu-5-glu | 34.9 | |||||||||
| pg 3-rut | 20400 | 3.5–1163.1 | ||||||||
| pg 3,5-diglu | 1.6–10.3 | |||||||||
| mv 3-(coum)rut-5-glu | 1954–5779 | 99–1352 | ||||||||
| mv 3,5-diglu | 5.0–52.1 | |||||||||
| Rubus idaeus | Rubus ursinus | Prunus domestica | Lauras nobilis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Raspberry | Red Raspberry | Red Raspberry | Blackberry | Blackberry | Blackberry | Plum | Plum flesh | Plum | Bay Laurel berries | |
| Anthocyanins | [38] | [39] | [47] | [48] | [38] | [39] | [49] | [49] | [50] | [51] |
| cy 3-glu | 29–168 | 69.9 | 236.7–251.2 | 1532.7 | 640 | 79.3–1039.3 | 3.2–22.7 | 80–7590 | 90000 | |
| cy 3-(ac)glu | 7.9–43.6 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(coum)glu | 1470.3 | |||||||||
| cy 3-(mal)glu | 17.7 | 19.7 | ||||||||
| cy 3-(dioxal)glu | 37.3 | |||||||||
| cy 3-gal | 27.2 | |||||||||
| cy 3-rut | 22–71 | 62.2 | 382.2 | 450 | 42.0–565.9 | 1.8–7.5 | 8590–1190 | 116000 | ||
| cy 3-glucorut | 62–106 | 115.8 | ||||||||
| cy 3-xyl | 0.1 | |||||||||
| cy 3-sopho | 47–356 | 557.7–638.6 | ||||||||
| Cy 3, 5-diglu | 580.1 | |||||||||
| dp 3-glu | 28.8 | |||||||||
| pn 3-glu | 60–1190 | 10600 | ||||||||
| pn 3-rut | 440–5030 | 10600 | ||||||||
| pg 3-glu | 26.7–42.3 | |||||||||
| pg 3-glucorut | 8 | 24.9 | ||||||||
| pg 3-sopho | 4.0–43.0 | 52.1–87.7 | ||||||||
| mv 3-glu | 28.5–36.4 | |||||||||
Values are listed in μg/g and anthocyanin concentrations may vary within a plant species due to variety, conditions under which the product was sampled and even methods of calculation. Anthocyanin abbreviations are as follows: cy, cyanidin; dp, delphinidin; pt, petunidin; pn, peonidin; pg, pelargonidin; mv, malvidin; glu, glucoside; gal, galactoside; ara, arabinoside; xyl, xyloside; rut, rutinoside; sopho, sophoroside; sam, sambubioside; lathy, lathyroside; ac, acetyl; coum, coumaryl; caff, caffeoyl; mal, malonyl; feru, feruloyl; sinap, sinapoyl; dioxal, dioxaloyl.