Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical, and lab features of 766 participants of the HALT-C trial by category of coffee intake
| Variables | Coffee consumption | P for trend* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-drinkers | > 0 to <1 cups/day | ≥ 1 to <3 cups/day | ≥ 3 cups/day | ||
| Number in cohort | 131 | 222 | 324 | 89 | |
| Treatment group, No. (%) | 63 (48.1%) | 113 (50.9%) | 166 (51.2%) | 42 (47.2%) | 0.925 |
| Coffee intake (cups/day), Median (IQR) | 0 | 0.29 (0.03–0.5) | 2 (1–2) | 3.5 (3.5–3.5) | |
| Age, years, Median (IQR) | 48 (45–53) | 50 (46–54) | 50 (46–54) | 49 (46–53) | 0.30 |
| Gender, female, No. (%) | 47 (35.9%) | 66 (29.7%) | 88 (27.2%) | 16 (18.0%) | 0.007 |
| General health score from SF-36, Median (IQR) | 62 (37–77) | 64 (47–77) | 62 (42–77) | 57 (40–67) | 0.29 |
| Physical functioning score from SF-36, Median (IQR) | 85 (50–95) | 90 (61–100) | 85 (60–95) | 87.5 (67.5–95.0) | 0.78 |
| Vitality score from SF-36, Median (IQR) | 55 (35–80) | 60 (45–75) | 55 (40–70) | 50 (35–65) | 0.018 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Caucasian, No. (%) | 90 (68.7%) | 141(63.5%) | 262 (80.9%) | 82 (92.1%) | <0.0001 |
| African American, No. (%) | 30 (22.9%) | 53 (23.9%) | 35 (10.8%) | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Hispanic, No. (%) | 6 (4.6%) | 23 (10.4%) | 23 (7.1%) | 3 (3.4%) | |
| Other, No. (%) | 5 (3.8%) | 5 (2.3%) | 4 (1.2%) | 3 (3.4%) | |
| Education† | |||||
| High school or less, No. (%) | 41 (31.3%) | 69 (31.1%) | 101 (31.3%) | 36 (40.5%) | 0.21 |
| Some post high school, No. (%) | 49 (37.4%) | 95 (42.8%) | 133 (41.2%) | 33 (37.1%) | |
| Completed college, No. (%) | 41 (31.3%) | 58 (26.1%) | 89 (27.6%) | 20 (22.5%) | |
| Lifetime alcohol consumption, # of drinks, Median (IQR) | 4,117 (438–16,445) | 5,050 (768–16,318) | 8,875 (1,463–22,877) | 18,083 (3,854–37,944) | <0.0001 |
| Pack-years of cigarettes, Median (IQR) | 4.0 (0–15.0) | 3.0 (0–14.5) | 13.5 (1.4–26.0) | 23.5 (10.0–37.0) | <0.0001 |
| Green and black tea intake, cups per day, Median (IQR) | 0.08 (0–0.57) | 0.14 (0.01–0.5) | 0.14 (0.01–0.79) | 0.11 (0.01–0.57) | 0.029 |
| Total energy, Kcal, Median (IQR) | 1,959 (1,289–2,612) | 1,811 (1,292–2,349) | 1,907 (1,399–2,540) | 2,302 (1,554–2,809) | 0.019 |
| Body Mass Index, Median (IQR) | 29.2 (25.9–32.4) | 29.1 (26.4–32.3) | 29.0 (26.2–32.8) | 28.7 (25.7–31.8) | 0.54 |
| Diabetes, Glucose ≥126, No. (%) | 42 (32.1%) | 47 (21.2%) | 61 (18.8%) | 20 (22.5%) | 0.107 |
| Baseline HOMA2,† Median (IQR) | 5.7 (3.7–7.1) | 4.3 (2.9–6.7) | 4.1 (3.0–6.5) | 4.0 (2.5–6.5) | 0.001 |
| Insulin,† Median (IQR) | 43.9 (26.7–79.6) | 34.1 (22.3–55.0) | 33.4 (23.2–51.2) | 31.4 (19.2–53.0) | 0.002 |
| AFP, ng/mL, Median (IQR) | 9.7 (5.2–18.5) | 11.1 (5.9–23.0) | 7.5 (5.0–15.3) | 6.2 (4.0–10.4) | <0.0001 |
| AST, Median (IQR) | 71 (46–108) | 77 (55–128) | 70 (50.5–107) | 60 (43–96) | 0.021 |
| ALT, Median (IQR) | 82 (53–116) | 94 (59–141) | 88 (60–133) | 72 (58–122) | 0.77 |
| AST/ALT Ratio, Median (IQR) | 0.86 (0.71–1.07) | 0.88 (0.71–1.07) | 0.79 (0.66–1.00) | 0.75 (0.63–0.86) | <0.0001 |
| Albumin, g/dL, Median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | 3.9 (3.5–4.1) | 4.0 (3.7–4.2) | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | <0.0001 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL, Median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.053 |
| Platelets, 1000/mm3, Median (IQR) | 159 (106–220) | 146 (112–196) | 163 (119–203) | 161 (127–215) | 0.25 |
| Prothrombin time, INR, Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.188 |
| Log HCV RNA level, Median (IQR) | 6.4 (6.1–6.7) | 6.4 (6.1–6.8) | 6.5 (6.2–6.8) | 6.7 (6.3–6.9) | 0.034 |
| HCV genotype 1, No. (%) | 123 (93.9%) | 202 (91.0%) | 312 (96.3%) | 79 (88.8%) | 0.80 |
| Cirrhosis on biopsy, No. (%) | 57 (43.5%) | 103 (46.4%) | 143 (44.1%) | 28 (31.5%) | 0.073 |
| Hepatic steatosis | |||||
| Grade 0, No. (%) | 16 (12.2%) | 34 (15.3%) | 65 (20.1%) | 17 (19.1%) | 0.047 |
| Grade 1, No. (%) | 59 (45.0%) | 89 (40.1%) | 130 (40.1%) | 37 (41.6%) | |
| Grade 2, No. (%) | 39 (29.8%) | 69 (31.1%) | 105 (32.4%) | 25 (28.1%) | |
| Grade 3 or 4, No. (%) | 17 (13.0%) | 30 (13.5%) | 24 (7.4%) | 10 (11.2%) | |
| Ishak inflammation score, Median (IQR) | 7 (6–9) | 8 (6–9) | 8 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 0.51 |
| Esophageal varices†, No. (%) | 35 (27.1%) | 67 (30.5%) | 84 (26.6%) | 16 (18.2%) | 0.068 |
Abbreviations: No: Number; IQR: Interquartile range
*
Mantel-Haenszel test for trend for categorical variables. Jonckheere-Terpstra test for trend for continuous variables and race/ethnicity.
†
Data not available for all participants: Education available for 765 participants; Esophageal varices for 753 participants; Insulin and Homa2 score for 593 participants; Pack-years of cigarettes for 757 participants.