Fig. 1.

Solar energy-driven photoelectrochemistry for production of hydrogen or methanol with high efficiency (schematic). Systems integration of modules will combine a light-harvesting antenna system and photochemical reaction center, containing a donor (D) and an acceptor (A), to produce a stable photocurrent that drives novel catalysts for multi-electron reactions (R → P). Such “smart matrices” represent build upon knowledge about natural photosynthesis and hydrogenase to extract electrons from water and produce fuel(s) from protons or CO₂