Table 1.
Baseline demographic, clinical and biological parameters by diagnosis
| Normal (n = 48) |
High-Risk (n = 48) |
Depressed (n= 55) |
Statistic | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 15.2 (1.4) | 15.0 (1.5) | 15.3 (1.4) | 0.38 | NS |
| Gender | 0.17 | NS | |||
| male | 19 (39.6) | 21 (43.7) | 23 (41.8) | ||
| female | 29 (60.4) | 27 (56.3) | 32 (58.2) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.84 | NS | |||
| African-American | 6 (12.5) | 7 (14.6) | 6 (10.9) | ||
| Asian-American | 10 (20.8) | 8 (16.7) | 9 (16.4) | ||
| Caucasian | 23 (47.9) | 23 (47.9) | 29 (52.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 9 (18.8) | 10 (20.8) | 11 (20.0) | ||
| Socioeconomic status1 | 49.2 (9.4)a | 43.5 (10.1)b | 40.9 (11.2)b | 8.38 | .0001 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 1.7 (2.4)a | 3.5 (3.1)b | 18.4 (7.9)c | 160.11 | .0001 |
| Hamilton Depression Scale | 0.9 (1.4)a | 1.0 (1.4)a | 19.8 (4.0)b | 896.06 | .0001 |
| CGAS score | 83.2 (9.7)a | 78.9 (10.0)a | 50.7 (7.4)b | 202.37 | .0001 |
| Smoked cigarettes ever (%) | 8 (16.7) | 9 (18.8) | 14 (25.5) | 1.35 | NS |
| Current smokers (%) | 4 (8.3) | 4 (8.3) | 7 (12.7) | 0.76 | NS |
| FTQ score2 | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.31 | NS |
| Stress score | 3.4 (2.9)a | 3.7 (3.0)a | 6.0 (5.5)b | 6.54 | .002 |
| Salivary cortisol (ng/ml) 3 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.75 | NS |
| NUFC (ng/ml)3 | 15.6 (7.9)a | 21.2 (13.1)a,b | 21.9 (11.4)b | 3.72 | .03 |
| Total NUFC3 | 8.3 (4.1)a | 10.8 (6.1)a,b | 11.7 (5.8) b | 4.57 | .02 |
| Anxiety disorder | -- -- | -- -- | 19 (34.5) | -- | -- |
| Disruptive disorder | -- -- | -- -- | 7 (12.7) | -- | -- |
CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale; FTQ = Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire; NUFC = Nocturnal urinary free cortisol
1
Higher score is associated with higher socioeconomic status (Hollingshead Scale)
2
Includes only current smokers
3
Analysis was performed on transformed data
Data are presented as means or raw numbers; data in parentheses reflect standard deviations or percentages
Different subscripts denote significant differences among groups