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1a. Frequency (means +/− SEM) of mutual gaze between mothers and infants (blue) and between other females and infants (red) during the infants’ first two months of life. 1b. Frequency of lipsmacking (means +/− SEM) directed at infants by mothers (blue) and other females (red) during the infants’ first two months of life. White dots show the frequency (means +/− SEM) of infants’ physical separation from their mothers outside mother’s arm reach.
