Table 2.
Comparisons of demographic data and clinical parameters between early and late dialysis groups (n = 98)
| Early dialysis (n = 51) | Late dialysis (n = 47) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | |||
| Female | 19 (37.3) | 22(46.8) | 0.414 |
| Diabetes | 14 (27.5) | 17 (36.2) | 0.391 |
| Hypertension | 22 (43.1) | 20 (42.6) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac failure | 6 (11.8) | 4 (8.5) | 0.743 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 28 (54.9) | 13 (27.7) | 0.008 |
| Sepsis before RRT | 14 (27.5) | 17 (36.2) | 0.391 |
| Emergency surgery | 23 (45.1) | 19 (40.4) | 0.686 |
| CVVH | 26 (51.0) | 31 (66.0) | 0.155 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 39 (76.5) | 40 (85.1) | 0.316 |
| Age (years) | 65.0 ± 14.8 | 68.0 ± 13.0 | 0.284 |
| Old age (> 65 years) | 27 (52.9) | 30 (63.8) | 0.310 |
| Hospital stay (days) | 53.7 ± 39.2 | 54.2 ± 33.6 | 0.944 |
| Hospital admission to ICU (days) | 10.3 ± 15.5 | 12.6 ± 13.0 | 0.423 |
| Hospital admission to RRT (days) | 17.5 ± 20.3 | 21.0 ± 19.0 | 0.388 |
| ICU to RRT (days) | 7.3 ± 13.2 | 8.4 ± 13.6 | 0.679 |
| RRT to death/discharge (days) | 35.5 ± 29.0 | 33.1 ± 26.2 | 0.671 |
| Baseline creatinine (mg/dl) | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.003 |
| Baseline GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 47.7 ± 27.2 | 60.6 ± 28.5 | 0.024 |
| Operation sitesa | 0.592 | ||
| Hepatobiliary system | 13 (25.5) | 13 (27.7) | |
| Upper GI | 13 (25.5) | 15 (31.9) | |
| Lower GI | 15 (29.4) | 14 (29.8) | |
| Urologic system | 7 (13.7) | 2 (4.3) | |
| Other sites | 3 (5.9) | 3 (6.4) | |
| Data at ICU admission | |||
| Diuretics | 43 (84.3) | 35 (74.5) | 0.316 |
| Vasopressors | 27 (52.9) | 25 (53.2) | 1.000 |
| Inotropic equivalent | 7.80 ± 12.63 | 5.96 ± 9.87 | 0.426 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 29.3 ± 7.3 | 31.5 ± 5.5 | 0.105 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 50.9 ± 33.0 | 41.9 ± 27.0 | 0.143 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 0.137 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 39.5 ± 50.0 | 38.6 ± 26.7 | 0.917 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 0.231 |
| Potassium (mEq/l) | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.552 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 281.1 ± 112.1 | 273.0 ± 1 20.9 | 0.732 |
| GCS scores | 13.4 ± 3.3 | 12.6 ± 3.8 | 0.304 |
| APACHE II scores | 18.2 ± 5.4 | 18.8 ± 6.3 | 0.620 |
| SOFA scores | 8.3 ± 2.7 | 8.5 ± 3.7 | 0.767 |
| Pre-RRT data | |||
| Hematocrit (%) | 28.5 ± 4.8 | 29.4 ± 5.0 | 0.374 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 68.8 ± 39.4 | 81.9 ± 39.3 | 0.104 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 0.188 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 32.8 ± 50.3 | 17.5 ± 7.8 | 0.036 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.722 |
| Potassium (mEq/l) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 0.740 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 300.3 ± 112.1 | 280.2 ± 119.5 | 0.395 |
| GCS scores | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 11.3 ± 4.5 | 0.160 |
| APACHE II scores | 18.2 ± 6.1 | 20.5 ± 5.8 | 0.061 |
| SOFA scores | 9.4 ± 3.1 | 10.5 ± 3.8 | 0.114 |
| Indications for RRT | |||
| Azotemia with uremic symptomsb | 19 (37.3) | 23 (48.9) | 0.308 |
| Oliguria or anuriac | 23 (45.1) | 17 (36.2) | 0.415 |
| Fluid overload or pulmonary edemad | 4 (7.8) | 6 (12.8) | 0.513 |
| Hyperkalemia or acidosise | 8 (15.7) | 6 (12.8) | 0.717 |
| Hospital mortality | 22 (43.1) | 35 (74.5) | 0.002 |
| RRT wean-off | 21 (41.2) | 10 (21.3) | 0.050 |
Early dialysis group, RIFLE-0 (n = 22) and --R (n = 29); Late dialysis group, RIFLE-I (n = 27) and --F (n = 20).
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage) unless otherwise stated. aupper GI denotes duodenum and above, lower GI means jejunum and below, other sites denote surgery site besides previous four; b azotemia was defined as BUN > 80 mg/dL and creatinine > 2 mg/dL; coliguria was defined as urine output < 200 ml/8 hours refractory to diuretics; dfluid overload means CVP > 12 mmHg, while pulmonary edema denotes PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg; e hyperkalemia denotes serum potassium > 5.5 mmol/L, acidosis denotes pH < 7.2 in arterial blood.
APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; BMI = body mass index; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CVP = central venous pressure; CVVH = continuous venovenous hemofiltration; FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen; GCS = Glascow Coma Scale; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; GI = gastrointestinal; ICU = intensive care unit; MAP = mean arterial pressure; PaO2 = partial pressure of arterial oxygen; RRT = renal replacement therapy; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; WBC = white blood cell.