Table 1.

Parameters used in simulations

Model	b(Xt, t)	Parameters	ζ	ΔT	p
CD	b0 + b1	b0 = 5, σ = 2.449	20	0.4	5
TD	b0t + b1	b0 = 5, σ = 2.828	20	0.1	4
SOU	kXt + b0 + b1	k = -1, b0 = 8, σ = 1.414	7	0.4	2
UOU	kXt + b0 + b1	k = 0.2, b0 = 5, σ = 1.414	20	1	2
SPB	$\epsilon X_t+X_t^3-X_t^5+b_0+b_1$	ε = -0.3, 0.05, b0 = 0 or 0.004, σ = 0.01, τX = 20	±0.75	5	0.005 or 0.0008 (b0 = 0.004)

Drift-diffusion model with constant drift rate (CD), and with time-varying drift rate (TD); SOU (UOU) stable (unstable) Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes; SPB: nonlinear model. See Eqs. 5-8 and protocols 9 and 10 for details. Here ζ is the distance from starting point X = 0 to decision threshold, and for SPB ε = -0.3 before stimulus appears at t = 0 and ε = 0.05 for t ≥ 0. Perturbation durations ΔT and amplitudes p are values used in the first perturbation protocol. Parameters for the linear models with smaller signal-to-noise ratios are specified in Section 3.3.