Table 1. The HALI Project's multilevel approach to assessing the impact of the interactions between water and disease in the Ruaha ecosystem by simultaneously investigating the medical, ecological, socioeconomic, and policy issues driving the system.

System Drivers	Objective	Activities
Medical	Assess wildlife, livestock, and their water sources for zoonotic pathogens and disease including bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, E. coli, and Campylobacter.	• 70 wildlife samples tested
		• 1,368 live cattle from 102 pastoralist households tested
		• 228 livestock carcasses tested
		• Ten water sources sampled monthly for 2 years
	Evaluate pastoralists' perceptions about disease impacts and risk of transmission from animals and water.	• 159 household surveys estimating disease impacts and examining transmission risk factors (subset resampled seasonally)
	Introduce new diagnostic techniques for disease detection.	• Transfer of five technologies between University of California, Davis (US) and Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania)
	Train Tanzanians of ALL education levels about zoonotic disease.	• Community outreach to over 950 local people
		• Training for 24 game scouts and technicians
		• Four honors bachelor and extern projects
		• Two masters theses
Ecological	Environmental monitoring of water quality and availability	• Ten water sources sampled monthly for 2 years
	Assess wildlife population health and demography	• Surveys in association with Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania National Parks, and the local community managing wildlife
	Examine landscape-level risk factors for disease	• Integration of spatial data on wildlife and livestock density, regions of water scarcity, and land use regimes
Socioeconomic	Evaluate livestock and human disease impacts on livelihoods of pastoralist households	• 159 household surveys examining economic risk factors (subset resampled seasonally)
	Examine land and water use impacts on daily workloads and village economies	• 18 detailed household diaries, including gender differences (Figure 3)
		• 20 village and district leader interviews
		• Village stakeholder workshops
	Advanced degree training for African national	• Rwandan PhD, Ecological Economics (University of Vermont)
Policy	Develop new health and environmental policy interventions to mitigate the impacts of zoonotic diseases	• Strong partnerships with local governments, health and environment ministries, and policy and education NGOs
		• USAID policy briefs
		• Integrative modeling
	Raise awareness about the links among health, livelihoods, and natural resources	• Active participation in stakeholder meetings, international conferences, and ministry presentations
		• HALI Project blog
		• Public outreach through movie nights, radio programs, and zoonotic disease calendar