Table 1.
Selected cytokines and their primary activities
| Cytokines | Principal Source | Primary Activity |
|---|---|---|
| GM-CSF | Th cells | Growth and differentiation of monocytes and dendritic cells |
| IL-1α IL-β |
Macrophages and other antigen presenting cells (APCs) |
Costimulation of APCs and T cells, inflammation and fever, acute phase response, hematopoiesis |
| IL-2 | Activated Th1 cells, NK cells | Proliferation of B cells and activated T cells, NK functions |
| IL-3 | Activated T cells | Growth of hematopoietic progenitor cells |
| IL-4 | Activated T cells | B cell proliferation, eosinophil and mast cell growth and function, IgE and class II MHC expression on B cells, inhibition of monokine production |
| IL-5 | Th2 and mast cells | Eosinophil growth and function |
| IL-6 | Activated Th2 cells, APCs, other somatic cells |
Acute phase response, B cell proliferation, thrombopoiesis, synergistic with IL-1 and TNF on T cells |
| IL-7 | Thymic and marrow stromal cells | T and B lymphopoiesis |
| IL-8 | macrophages, somatic cells | Chemoattractant for neutrophils and T cells |
| IL-9 | T cells | Hematopoietic and thymopoietic effects |
| IL-10 | Activated Th2 cells, CD8+ T and B cells, macrophages |
Inhibits cytokine production, promotes B cell proliferation and antibody production, suppresses cellular immunity, mast cell growth |
| IL-11 | Atromal cells | Synergistic hematopoietic and thrombopoietic effects |
| IL-12 | B cells, macrophages | Proliferation of NK cells, IFN production, promotes cell-mediated immune functions |
| IL-13 | Th2 cells | IL-4-like activities |
| IL-18 | Macrophages | potent inducer of interferon-+ by T cells and NK cells |
| IFN-α IFN-β |
Macrophages, neutrophils and some somatic cells |
Antiviral effects, induction of class I MHC on all somatic cells, activation of NK cells and macrophages |
| IFN-γ | Activated Th1 and NK cells | Induces of class I MHC on all somatic cells, induces class II MHC on APCs and somatic cells, activates macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, promotes cell-mediated immunity, antiviral effects |
| MIP-1α | Macrophages | Chemotaxis |
| MIP-1β | Lymphocytes | Chemotaxis |
| TGF-β | T cells, monocytes | Chemotaxis, IL-1 synthesis, IgA synthesis, inhibit proliferation |
| TNF-α | macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, sensory neurons |
Cell death, inflammation, pain |
| TNF-β | Th1 and Tc cells | phagocytosis, NO production, cell death |