Effect of 4-HNE on cell proliferation in control and hGSTA4-transfected cells. Cells were incubated in 96 well plates in the presence of 5–20 μM 4-HNE (or 0.05% ethanol control, 0 μM) and10% Alamar blue. Alamar blue fluorescence was measured at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr after initial incubation as described in methods. Values represent the % increase in Alamar blue fluorescence from initial 1 hr post-exposure measurements, and data reflect the mean (SEM) of three experiments. Asterisks indicate significantly greater rate of cell proliferation rates in hGSTA4 cells relative to control (no-insert vector transfected) cells at p≤0.05 using two-way ANOVA and Bonferoni’s post-hoc comparisons test.