FIGURE 1.

FFA-induced apoptosis and steatosis in H4IIEC3 cells under physiologic amino acid conditions. A, microscopic observations of FFA-induced lipid accumulation and ROS generation in H4IIEC3 cells at physiologic amino acid levels. Cells were incubated with 400 μm palmitate, 400 μm oleate, 400 μm palmitate plus 50 μm oleate or without FFA (none) for either 12 h (for ROS detection) or 24 h (for lipid detection). Cellular lipids and ROS were determined using Nile red and DCF fluorescence, respectively. B, quantification of FFA-induced lipid accumulation, ROS generation, and cell viability. H4IIEC3 cells were incubated with 100 or 400 μm palmitate or without FFA (white bar). Also, cells were incubated with 400 μm palmitate with 10 or 50 μm oleate. Lipids, ROS and cell viability were determined using Nile red, DCF fluorescence, and resazurin reduction, respectively. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E. (n = 3). *, p < 0.05 for the comparison with untreated cells (white bars).