FIGURE 8.

Cellular glutamate metabolism may be important in FFA-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Shown is the effect of single amino acid overloading on palmitate-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Each single amino acid (800 μm) was supplemented into 0.5× basal amino acid medium (1.08 mm) with 400 μm palmitate. After a 12-h incubation, cell viability (A), ROS generation (B, top), and caspase-3/7 activity (B, bottom) were determined (n = 6). White, gray, and black bars, vehicle-, EAA-, and NEAA-treated cells, respectively. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 for the comparison with vehicle condition (white bar).