FIGURE 9.

Scheme for LB biogenesis. The propagative β-sheet hairpin formation is favored by restricting α-synuclein random coiling with membrane association and intramolecular cross-linking. The growth of fibrils can proceed as long as other proteins, such as chaperones clog the growing ends. Attachment of (poly)ubiquitin chains, and chaperones (such as HspB1) block amyloid expansion. A covalent meshwork by cross-linking small heat shock proteins with ubiquitin encapsulates the unclearable aggregate.