Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects. No relationships among groups differed at P<0.05. SD standard deviation
| Characteristic | Study Condition |
Initiated Parole |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collaborative Behavioral Management | Traditional Parole and Treatment | Collaborative Behavioral Management | Traditional Parole and Treatment | |
| Total | 287 | 281 | 242 | 233 |
| Female, n (%) | 44 (15.3) | 47 (16.7) | 39 (16.1) | 41 (17.6) |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 34.1±8.9 | 33.7±9.1 | 34.4±8.7 | 33.8±8.9 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 40 (14.1) | 31 (11.2) | 38 (15.9) | 26 (11.3) |
| African American/Black | 143 (50.4) | 149 (53.6) | 118 (49.4) | 126 (54.8) |
| White | 102 (35.9) | 99 (35.6) | 84 (35.1) | 77 (33.5) |
| Asian | 1 (.4) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (.4) | 4 (1.7) |
| Native American/Pacific Islander | 9 (3.2) | 9 (.7) | 9 (3.8) | 9 (3.9) |
| Other | 33 (11.6) | 23 (8.3) | 31 (13.0) | 21 (9.1) |
| Site, USA, n (%) | ||||
| Richmond, Virginia | 39 (13.5) | 46 (16.4) | 39 (16.0) | 46 (19.7) |
| Bridgeport, Connecticut–Bridgeport | 37 (12.8) | 37 (13.2) | 36 (14.8) | 36 (15.5) |
| Connecticut–Hartford | 27 (9.4) | 24 (8.5) | 26 (10.7) | 23 (9.9) |
| Wilmington, Delaware | 133 (46.2) | 125 (44.5) | 91 (37.4) | 82 (35.2) |
| Portland, Oregon | 34 (11.8) | 35 (12.5) | 34 (14.0) | 32 (13.7) |
| Providence, Rhode Island | 18 (6.3) | 14 (5.0) | 17 (7.0) | 14 (6.0) |
| Primary drug of abuse, n (%) | ||||
| Heroin | 74 (25.7) | 53 (18.9) | 59 (24.3) | 49 (21.0) |
| Other opioids | 3 (1.0) | 4 (1.4) | 3 (1.2) | 4 (1.7) |
| Cocaine | 69 (24.0) | 68 (24.2) | 55 (22.6) | 54 (23.2) |
| Methamphetamine | 20 (6.9) | 19 (6.8) | 20 (8.2) | 17 (7.3) |
| Cannabis | 47 (16.3) | 47 (16.7) | 42 (17.3) | 40 (17.2) |
| Other | 75 (26.0) | 90 (32.0) | 64±26.3 | 69 (29.6) |
| Number of arrests lifetime, mean ± SD | 13.5±22.6 | 13.8±23.2 | 14.1±24.5 | 12.1±14.4 |
| Number of arrests, past 6 months, mean ± SD | 1.1±1.43 | 1.4±1.6 | 1.2±1.5 | 1.4±1.5 |
| Number of times in jail, lifetime, mean ± SD | 10.8±22.1 | 12.4±60.5 | 11.7±23.9 | 8.5±12.9 |
| Number of times in jail, past 6 months, mean ± SD | .62±.96 | .75±1.2 | .59±1.0 | .67±1.1 |
| Number of months in jail, lifetime, mean ± SD | 67.9±58.3 | 65.2±64.5 | 72.3±60.9 | 67.6±66.9 |
| Number of days in jail, past 6 months, mean ± SD | 15.3±37.7 | 14.8±35.9 | 17.3±39.8 | 13.9±34.5 |
| Lifetime criminality screening form score, n(%) (%) | ||||
| Moderate (<10) | 96 (33.7) | 95 (33.9) | 91 (37.9) | 88 (37.9) |
| High (≥10) | 189 (66.3) | 185 (66.1) | 149 (62.1) | 144 (62.1) |
| Number of drug-related crimes, lifetime, mean ± SD | 3429±1632 | 3242±1778 | 3242±1616 | 3038±1797 |
| Number of drug-related crimes, past 6 months, mean ± SD | 834±906 | 842±980 | 844±978 | 872±1064 |