Total |
287 |
281 |
242 |
233 |
Female, n (%) |
44 (15.3) |
47 (16.7) |
39 (16.1) |
41 (17.6) |
Age, years, mean ± SD |
34.1±8.9 |
33.7±9.1 |
34.4±8.7 |
33.8±8.9 |
Race, n (%) |
Hispanic/Latino |
40 (14.1) |
31 (11.2) |
38 (15.9) |
26 (11.3) |
African American/Black |
143 (50.4) |
149 (53.6) |
118 (49.4) |
126 (54.8) |
White |
102 (35.9) |
99 (35.6) |
84 (35.1) |
77 (33.5) |
Asian |
1 (.4) |
4 (1.4) |
1 (.4) |
4 (1.7) |
Native American/Pacific Islander |
9 (3.2) |
9 (.7) |
9 (3.8) |
9 (3.9) |
Other |
33 (11.6) |
23 (8.3) |
31 (13.0) |
21 (9.1) |
Site, USA, n (%) |
Richmond, Virginia |
39 (13.5) |
46 (16.4) |
39 (16.0) |
46 (19.7) |
Bridgeport, Connecticut–Bridgeport |
37 (12.8) |
37 (13.2) |
36 (14.8) |
36 (15.5) |
Connecticut–Hartford |
27 (9.4) |
24 (8.5) |
26 (10.7) |
23 (9.9) |
Wilmington, Delaware |
133 (46.2) |
125 (44.5) |
91 (37.4) |
82 (35.2) |
Portland, Oregon |
34 (11.8) |
35 (12.5) |
34 (14.0) |
32 (13.7) |
Providence, Rhode Island |
18 (6.3) |
14 (5.0) |
17 (7.0) |
14 (6.0) |
Primary drug of abuse, n (%) |
Heroin |
74 (25.7) |
53 (18.9) |
59 (24.3) |
49 (21.0) |
Other opioids |
3 (1.0) |
4 (1.4) |
3 (1.2) |
4 (1.7) |
Cocaine |
69 (24.0) |
68 (24.2) |
55 (22.6) |
54 (23.2) |
Methamphetamine |
20 (6.9) |
19 (6.8) |
20 (8.2) |
17 (7.3) |
Cannabis |
47 (16.3) |
47 (16.7) |
42 (17.3) |
40 (17.2) |
Other |
75 (26.0) |
90 (32.0) |
64±26.3 |
69 (29.6) |
Number of arrests lifetime, mean ± SD |
13.5±22.6 |
13.8±23.2 |
14.1±24.5 |
12.1±14.4 |
Number of arrests, past 6 months, mean ± SD |
1.1±1.43 |
1.4±1.6 |
1.2±1.5 |
1.4±1.5 |
Number of times in jail, lifetime, mean ± SD |
10.8±22.1 |
12.4±60.5 |
11.7±23.9 |
8.5±12.9 |
Number of times in jail, past 6 months, mean ± SD |
.62±.96 |
.75±1.2 |
.59±1.0 |
.67±1.1 |
Number of months in jail, lifetime, mean ± SD |
67.9±58.3 |
65.2±64.5 |
72.3±60.9 |
67.6±66.9 |
Number of days in jail, past 6 months, mean ± SD |
15.3±37.7 |
14.8±35.9 |
17.3±39.8 |
13.9±34.5 |
Lifetime criminality screening form score, n(%) (%) |
Moderate (<10) |
96 (33.7) |
95 (33.9) |
91 (37.9) |
88 (37.9) |
High (≥10) |
189 (66.3) |
185 (66.1) |
149 (62.1) |
144 (62.1) |
Number of drug-related crimes, lifetime, mean ± SD |
3429±1632 |
3242±1778 |
3242±1616 |
3038±1797 |
Number of drug-related crimes, past 6 months, mean ± SD |
834±906 |
842±980 |
844±978 |
872±1064 |