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(A) TNF-α production after exposure to Veillonella LPS. Human PBMC were stimulated with a dose of purified Veillonella LPS for 24 h. E. coli LPS served as a positive control. Data represent the means ± standard deviations for cytokine production by at least four healthy volunteers. (B) IL-6 production. Cytokine levels were determined by an ELISA, and the detection limit was 20 pg/ml for both cytokines.
