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Inhibition of Veillonella LPS-induced TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) production by a TLR4 antagonist. PBMC were pretreated with Bartonella quintana LPS for 1 h and then either Veillonella LPS or E. coli LPS was added. Data represent the means ± standard deviations for cytokine production of at least four healthy volunteers. Note the complete suppression of cytokine production after TLR4 blockade. *, P < 0.01 (Wilcoxon rank test).
