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Penetration distance d into the viscous region. (a) Simulation results for different initial bubble offsets distances: (⋯⋯⋅⋅) w=0; (----) w=D∕4=5 μm; and (——) w=D∕2=10 μm. The different sets of curves are for different viscosities as labeled. The straight gray line is for reference. (b) The penetration model 7 with to=0.7 μs to facilitate comparison.
