Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics (means with standard deviations and proportions) among 1,891 men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the ATBC Study
| Characteristics | Survivors (n=1496) | Deceased (n=395) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at randomization (yr) | 57.9 ± 5.1 | 59.6 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 |
| Age at diagnosis (yr) | 70.5 ± 5.4 | 68.2 ± 6.3 | <0.0001 |
| Survival (yr) | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 3.4 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 3.7 | 26.3 ± 3.6 | 0.73 |
| Cigarettes smoked (per day) | 19.8 ± 8.7 | 19.2 ± 8.7 | 0.21 |
| Years of smoking (yr) | 35.7 ± 8.9 | 37.6 ± 8.7 | 0.0002 |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) | 6 | 4 | 0.20 |
| Prostate cancer family history (%) | 6 | 8 | 0.17 |
| Stage at diagnosis (% stage 3 or 4) | 21 | 69 | <0.0001 |
| Missing stage at diagnosis (%) | 47 | 15 | <0.0001 |
| Elected radical surgery (%) | 23 | 4 | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity (% active) | 21 | 14 | 0.005 |
| Education (% elementary) | 71 | 72 | 0.35 |
| Married (% married) | 81 | 83 | 0.18 |
| Urban residence (% big town) | 46 | 45 | 0.85 |
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2694 ± 728 | 2698 ± 834 | 0.94 |
| Intervention group | |||
| Placebo (%) | 26 | 26 | 0.80 |
| α-tocopherol only (%) | 23 | 22 | 0.45 |
| β-carotene only (%) | 25 | 31 | 0.02 |
| Both (%) | 26 | 22 | 0.18 |
| Serum biomarkers at baseline | |||
| α-tocopherol (mg/L) | 11.9 ± 3.1 | 11.7 ± 3.1 | 0.29 |
| β-carotene (μg/mL) | 221 ± 185 | 222 ± 185 | 0.88 |
| Retinol (μg/mL) | 594 ± 130 | 594 ± 131 | 0.55 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 0.87 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.80 |