Age at randomization (yr) |
57.9 ± 5.1 |
59.6 ± 5.1 |
<0.0001 |
Age at diagnosis (yr) |
70.5 ± 5.4 |
68.2 ± 6.3 |
<0.0001 |
Survival (yr) |
4.1 ± 3.3 |
3.4 ± 2.8 |
<0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
26.4 ± 3.7 |
26.3 ± 3.6 |
0.73 |
Cigarettes smoked (per day) |
19.8 ± 8.7 |
19.2 ± 8.7 |
0.21 |
Years of smoking (yr) |
35.7 ± 8.9 |
37.6 ± 8.7 |
0.0002 |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (%) |
6 |
4 |
0.20 |
Prostate cancer family history (%) |
6 |
8 |
0.17 |
Stage at diagnosis (% stage 3 or 4) |
21 |
69 |
<0.0001 |
Missing stage at diagnosis (%) |
47 |
15 |
<0.0001 |
Elected radical surgery (%) |
23 |
4 |
<0.0001 |
Physical activity (% active) |
21 |
14 |
0.005 |
Education (% elementary) |
71 |
72 |
0.35 |
Married (% married) |
81 |
83 |
0.18 |
Urban residence (% big town) |
46 |
45 |
0.85 |
Total energy (kcal/day) |
2694 ± 728 |
2698 ± 834 |
0.94 |
Intervention group |
Placebo (%) |
26 |
26 |
0.80 |
α-tocopherol only (%) |
23 |
22 |
0.45 |
β-carotene only (%) |
25 |
31 |
0.02 |
Both (%) |
26 |
22 |
0.18 |
Serum biomarkers at baseline |
α-tocopherol (mg/L) |
11.9 ± 3.1 |
11.7 ± 3.1 |
0.29 |
β-carotene (μg/mL) |
221 ± 185 |
222 ± 185 |
0.88 |
Retinol (μg/mL) |
594 ± 130 |
594 ± 131 |
0.55 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) |
6.2 ± 1.1 |
6.2 ± 1.2 |
0.87 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) |
1.2 ± 0.3 |
1.2 ± 0.3 |
0.80 |