Table 3.

Educational Performance and Alzheimer's Disease, All-Cause Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in the ADAMS Study (Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals).

Models	Predictors	Group	Possible/Probable Alzheimer's Disease (229 PPAD/307 normal)	All Cause Dementia (300 Dementia/ 307 normal)	Cognitive Impairment (Ordinal outcome with 118 CI/229 AD/307 normal)
			Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Model 1	Educational Performance	Below average (n=46)	4.0 (1.2-14)	4.3 (1.4-13)	2.6 (1.3-4.9)
		Above average (n=189)	0.9 (0.5-1.7)	0.9 (0.5-1.6)	1.0 (0.7-1.6)
		Average (n=424)	1.0	1.0	1.0

^*Models adjusted for age, age-squared, sex, race, apolipoprotein E – ε4 presence, respondent's level of education, childhood SES (parents' highest level of education in years, family poverty (yes/no), family hardship (yes/no) or whether the father was absent) ; current SES (respondents' income and total current assets); comorbidities (self-reported medical history of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and stroke); and literacy as assessed by the Wide Range Achievement Test (W-RAT) Score