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Risk of rapid renal function decline, stratified by sex (women, open circles; men, filled squares) and adjusted for age, race, and smoking. Change in kidney function is calculated from longitudinal measurements of serum creatinine using the 4-variable MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study equation. Rapid renal function decline is defined as loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate exceeding 3 mL/min/1.73m2/year.
