Figure 3. Curcumin reduces phosphorylation levels of InsR and its downstream signaling intermediators in HSCs.

Serum-starved HSCs were pretreated with curcumin for 1 hr at various concentrations prior to the stimulation with insulin (100 nM) for additional 20 min. Whole cell extracts were prepared for Western blotting analyses of phosphorylated proteins and their corresponding total proteins. The total protein for each corresponding phospho-protein was used as the internal control for equal loading. Representatives were shown from three independent experiments.