Table 2.

Mean cognitive and motor development scores of HIV-infected children (cohort 1), HIV-uninfected affected children (cohort 2), and control children (cohort 3).

	Mean scores*			P-values** for Cohort Differences
	Cohort 1 HIV infected N = 35	Cohort 2 HIV Affected N = 35	Cohort 3 Controls N = 90	Cohort 1 vs.2 vs.3	Cohort 1 vs. 3	Cohort 2 vs. 3	Cohort 1 vs. 2
Cognitive development
Visit 1 (baseline)	65.8 ± 6.0	74.8 ± 6.0	84.6 ± 3.8	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0060	0.0350
Visit 2 (6 month)	75.8 ± 6.0	74.9 ± 5.6	87.3 ± 3.8	0.0002	0.0016	0.0004	0.8391
Visit 3 (12 month)	84.3 ± 7.2	87.6 ± 6.6	96.5 ± 5.0	0.0102	0.0056	0.0345	0.4945
Mean change from  visit 1 to 2 (Δ2-1)	10.0 ± 5.7	0.1 ± 5.2	2.6 ± 3.6	ns	ns	ns	ns
Mean change from  visit 1 to 3 (Δ3-1)	18.5 ± 7.7	12.8 ± 7.2	11.8 ± 5.2	ns	ns	ns	ns
Motor development
Visit 1 (baseline)	75.7 ± 4.2	87.2 ± 4.2	97.8 ± 2.6	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0002
Visit 2 (6 month)	82.4 ± 4.0	91.0 ± 3.8	101.0 ± 2.6	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0026
Visit 3 (12 month)	90.4 ± 3.8	94.0 ± 3.6	105.0 ± 2.6	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.1783
Mean change from  visit 1 to 2 (Δ2-1)	6.7 ± 3.8	3.8 ± 3.6	2.7 ± 2.4	0.2134	ns	ns	ns
Mean change from  visit 1 to 3 (Δ3-1)	14.6 ± 4.2	6.8 ± 3.8	7.6 ± 2.8	0.0090	0.0055	0.7323	0.0063

^*Statistical estimate of the mean obtained from the linear mixed-effects model and 95% CI

^**Model-based p-value for F-test. Type I error controlled by hierarchical testing. P-values significant at 0.05 level.

^#“ns” indicates a non-significant result due to a preceding non-significant test in the hierarchical sequence of hypothesis testing; e.g., cohorts 1 and 3 (sub-hypothesis) cannot be different if it is true that cohorts 1, 2 and 3 (overall hypothesis) are all the same.