Table 1.
Changes in glycosylation and potential N- and O-glycan biomarkers for several types of cancer. The arrows indicate either an increase (↑) or a decrease (↓) in intensity levels of the biomarker or glycosylation change.
| Cancer | Biological Sample | Glycosylation Change/Potential Glycan Biomarker | ↑ or ↓ |
|---|---|---|---|
| General | ▪ Branched N-glycans [54], specifically β1–6 GlcNAc branching | ↑ | |
| ▪ Truncated O-glycans [54] | ↑ | ||
| ▪ Sialic acids – amount, linkage, acetylation and expression[54] | ↑ or ↓ | ||
| Prostate | Sera[11,45,52] | ▪ Complex N-glycans[11] | ↑ or ↓ |
| ▪ High-mannose glycans/mannosylation[44] | ↑ and ↓ | ||
| ▪ Total fucosylation[44] | ↑ | ||
| ▪ Fucose and α(2,3)-linked sialic acid content of PSA[50] | ↓ | ||
| Breast | Cell Lines[54] Sera[32,51,28] |
▪ An α(1,3)-fucosylated monogalactosylated triantennary glycan[31] | ↑ |
| ▪ High mannose N-glycans[53] | ↑ or ↓ | ||
| ▪ N-glycan branching | ↑ | ||
| ▪ Hybrid structures | ↓ | ||
| ▪ Fucosylation in O-glycans | ↑ | ||
| ▪ N-glycan sialylation and fucosylation[27, 53] | ↓ and ↑ | ||
| ▪ Core 1 type O-glycans[50] | ↑ or ↓ | ||
| ▪ O-glycan sialylation[50] | ↑ | ||
| Liver | Cell Lines[49] Sera[43,46,53] |
▪ Core fucosylated structures[48] | ↑ |
| ▪ Outer-arm fucosylation in highly branched glycans[52] | ↑ | ||
| ▪ A branched α(1,3)-fucosylated triantennary N-glycan[45] | ↑ | ||
| Ovarian | Sera[50] | ▪ Core fucosylated, agalactosyl biantennary glycans and sialyl Lewis x[49] | ↑ |
| Pancreatic | Cell Lines[47] Sera[48] |
▪ Fucosylation[46,47] | ↑ |
| Gastric | Cell Lines[44] | ▪ Free complex-type N-glycans[43] | ↑ |