Table 1.
The Studies Addressing the Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow Cells into Cardiac Cells
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Differentiation into cardiac cells |
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| Type of bone marrow cells | Injection method | Identification of donor cells | Methods to identify cardiac cells | Cardiomyocytes | Endothelial cells | Smooth muscle cells | Functional improvement | References |
| Side population cells (mouse) | BMTa | Rosa26_β-galactosidase | IHCb stain | 0.02% | 3.30% | — | Yes | (29) |
| Lin−c-kit+ cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection | EGFPc and Y chromosome | 53 ± 9% | 44 ± 6% | 49 ± 7% | Yes | (69) | |
| Mobilization of bone marrow cells | None | — | — | — | — | Yes | (70) | |
| Lin−c-kit+ or LSKd cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection | Cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter_EGFPcCardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter_ β-galactosidaseβ-actin-EGFPc | Expression of cardiomyocyte-specific promoter, IHCb staining | 0 | — | — | — | (62) |
| LSKd cells, Thy1.1lowLSKd cells (mouse) | Intramyocardial injection, parabiotic mice | β-Actin-EGFPc (C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1) | IHCb staining | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yes | (9) |
| Whole bone marrow cells, LSKd CD45+ cells | Intramyocardial injection, BMT* | β-Actin-EGFPc | IHCb staining | Intramyocardial injection: 0 | — | — | — | (64) |
| α-Actin-EGFPc | Cytokine-induced bone marrow cell mobilization: Yes but rare (0.75% of all EGFP+ cells and 0.0065% of all cardiomyocytes) | |||||||
| Rat bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of 5-azacytidine | Intramyocardial injection | BrdU labeling during culture (autologous) | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | — | Yes | (101) |
| Human MSCse | Intraventricular injection | Adenovirus carrying β-galactosidase transfection | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | — | — | — | (100) |
| Autologous swine MSCse | Intramyocardial injection | DiI labeling | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | — | — | Yes | (91) |
| Autologous rat MSCse | Intramyocardial injection | DAPI labeling | IHCb staining | No | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes | (16) |
| Human BMSCsf | Intramyocardial injection | DiI labeling | IHCb staining | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes, but not quantified | Yes | (117) |
| Murine MAPCsg | Intramyocardial injection | ROSA26_β-galactosidase | IHCb staining | No | No | No | Yes | (74) |
a
BMT, bone marrow transplantation, bIHC, immunohistochemical, cEGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein, dLSK, Lin−Sca-1+c-Kit+, eMSCs, mesenchymal stem cells, fBMSCs, bone marrow-derived multipotent stem cells, gMAPCs, multipotent adult progenitor cells.