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. 2009 Aug 6;284(41):28420–28429. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.012674

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© 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

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FIGURE 8. — Schematic illustration of berberine in the control of Th17 and Th1 differentiation in type 1 diabetes. In this model, berberine inhibits Th17 and Th1 differentiation to suppress the development of type 1 diabetes. On the one hand, berberine activates ERK to suppress Th17 differentiation. On the other hand, berberine inhibits p38 MAPK and JNK to down-regulate STAT1 and STAT4 activity to suppress Th1 polarization. Berberine also regulates the Th1 program by degrading STAT4 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.