Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for the likelihood of stopping breastfeeding for various socio‐demographic and health service factors
| Variable | Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)* | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) † |
|---|---|---|
| Religion | ||
| Hindu | 1 | 1 |
| Muslim | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19) |
| Christian | 1.43 (1.30, 1.58) | 1.34 (1.20, 1.50) |
| Sikh | 1.72 (1.48, 1.99) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.54) |
| Other | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) |
| Caste | ||
| General | 1 | 1 |
| Scheduled caste (SC) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Scheduled tribe (ST) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.20) |
| Other backward castes (OBC) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.20) |
| Place of residence | ||
| Urban | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.59 (0.55, 0.62) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.87) |
| Maternal age at childbirth (years) | ||
| <20 | 1 | 1 |
| 20–29 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) |
| 30–39 | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) |
| 40–49 | 0.39 (0.27, 0.54) | 0.48 (0.33, 0.69) |
| Maternal occupation | ||
| Not working | 1 | 1 |
| Non Manual | 1.34 (1.20, 1.50) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) |
| Agricultural | 0.72 (0.67, 0.77) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) |
| Manual Non Agricultural | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) |
| Maternal educational status | ||
| Illiterate | 1 | 1 |
| Up to primary school | 1.39 (1.30, 1.50) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25) |
| Middle school | 1.55 (1.44, 1.67) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) |
| Secondary school and above | 2.10 (1.97, 2.23) | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) |
| Paternal educational status | ||
| Illiterate | 1 | 1 |
| Up to primary school | 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) |
| Middle school | 1.34 (1.24, 1.45) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |
| Secondary school and above | 1.65 (1.54, 1.76) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) |
| Gender of the child | ||
| Female | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) |
| Birth order of the child | ||
| 1st | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd | 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) |
| 3rd | 0.60 (0.56, 0.65) | 0.71 (0.65, 0.77) |
| 4th or higher | 0.48 (0.45, 0.52) | 0.68 (0.62, 0.74) |
| Antenatal care received | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.42 (1.34, 1.51) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) |
| Saw health professional within 2 months of delivery | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.48 (1.40, 1.56) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) |
| Breastfed within 24 h of birth | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
| Place of delivery | ||
| Home | 1 | 1 |
| Public sector | 1.39 (1.30, 1.48) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) |
| Private sector | 1.99 (1.86, 2.12) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.27) |
| Delivery assisted by | ||
| Health professional | 1 | 1 |
| Traditional birth attendant | 0.64 (0.60, 0.68) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) |
| Other | 0.59 (0.55, 0.64) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) |
| No one | 0.60 (0.46, 0.80) | 1.04 (0.77, 1.41) |
| Standard of living index ‡ | ||
| Q1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.22 (1.13, 1.33) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) |
| Q3 | 1.55 (1.43, 1.68) | 1.32 (1.21, 1.44) |
| Q4 | 1.80 (1.66, 1.96) | 1.36 (1.22, 1.50) |
| Q5 | 2.80 (2.57, 3.05) | 1.79 (1.60, 2.02) |
Adjusted for clustering at the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) Level.
† Adjusted for clustering at the PSU Level and all other covariates.
Each household is assigned a standard of living score based on a linear combination of the scores for 19 different household characteristics, such as the quality of the home, the type of fuel used for cooking, and the ownership of a bicycle or television, which are then weighted according to a factor analysis procedure and standardized with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 (Rutstein & Johnson 2004). The quintiles of these weighted scores are used to categorize the standard of living index at the household level into five categories, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q5, with the households falling in Q1 being in the lowest quintile.