Progressive cortical astrogliosis in aging ERK2 cKO mice. Control mice (upper pair, A) show a mild age-dependent increase in cortical GFAP immunoreactivity. However, when normalized to white matter (corpus callosum) GFAP immunoreactivity, there is no evidence of a cortex-specific increase (B, white bars). ERK2 cKO mice show markedly increased cortical GFAP between 6 and 24 weeks (A, lower pair). Quantification of the cortex/corpus callosum ratio indicates a cortex-specific increase in GFAP with aging (B, black bars). Error bars represent SEM.