Figure 1.
aDownes A, Blunt TP. The influence of light upon the development of bacteria. Nature 1877;16:218.
bGates FL. A study of the bactericidal action of ultra violet light: III. The absorption of ultra violet light by bacteria. J Gen Physiol 1930;14:31-42.
cWells WF. On air-borne infection: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei. Am J Hyg 1934;20:611-8.
dWells WF, Fair MG. Viability of B. coli exposed to ultra-violet radiation in air. Science 1935;82:280-1.
eWells WF, Wells MW, Wilder TS. The environmental control of epidemic contagion I: an epidemiologic study of radiant disinfection of air in day schools. Am J Hyg 1942;35:97-121.
fPerkins JE, Bahlke AM, Silverman HF. Effect of ultra-violet irradiation of classrooms on spread of measles in large rural central schools: preliminary report. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1947;37:529-37.
gAir disinfection with ultra-violet irradiation: its effect on illness among school-children. Spec Rep Ser Med Res Counc (G B) 1954;283:1-88.
hRiley RL, Mills CC, O'Grady F, Sultan LU, Wittstadt F, Shivpuri DN. Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward. Ultraviolet irradiation of infected air: comparative infectiousness of different patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962;85:511-25.
iRiley RL, Permutt S. Room air disinfection by ultraviolet irradiation of upper air: air mixing and germicidal effectiveness. Arch Environ Health 1971;22:208-19.
jRiley RL, Permutt S, Kaufman JE. Convection, air mixing, and ultraviolet air disinfection in rooms. Arch Environ Health 1971;22:200-7.
kRiley RL, Permutt S, Kaufman JE. Room air disinfection by ultraviolet irradiation of upper air: further analysis of convective air exchange. Arch Environ Health 1971;23:35-9.
lRiley RL, Kaufman JE. Effect of relative humidity on the inactivation of airborne Serratia marcescens by ultraviolet radiation. Appl Microbiol 1972;23:1113-20.
mRiley RL, Knight M, Middlebrook G. Ultraviolet susceptibility of BCG and virulent tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113:413-8.
nPorter JD, McAdam KP. The re-emergence of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Public Health 1994;15:303-23.
oNardell EA. Environmental control of tuberculosis. Med Clin North Am 1993;77:1315-34.
pEscombe AR, Moore DAJ, Gilman RH, Navincopa M, Ticona E, Mitchell B, et al. Upper-room ultraviolet light and negative air ionization to prevent tuberculosis transmission. PLoS Med 2009;6:e43.
qPersonal communication, Edward Nardell, Harvard School of Public Health, October 2008
UVGI = ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
nm = nanometer
Hg = mercury
TB = tuberculosis
BCG = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus