Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, Pregnancy Behaviors, Previous Miscarriage History, and Alcohol Consumption by Miscarriage
| Total Sample n=1061 n (%) | Miscarriage n=172 n (%) | p-value1 | Any Alcohol Intake n=435 n (%) | p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age 36 + | 570 (54) | 104 (18) | 0.053 | 246 (43) | 0.123 |
| Maternal age < 36 | 491 (46) | 68 (14) | 189 (39) | ||
| Marital Status | |||||
| Single | 97 (9) | 24 (25) | 0.028 | 51 (53) | 0.01 |
| Married | 849 (80) | 134 (16) | 329 (39) | ||
| Partner | 113 (11) | 13 (12) | 54 (48) | ||
| Race | |||||
| White | 449 (43) | 74 (16) | 0.76 | 267 (59) | <0.001 |
| Black | 82 (8) | 15 (18) | 29 (35) | ||
| Hispanic | 219 (21) | 38 (17) | 80 (37) | ||
| Native American | 13 (1) | 1 (8) | 4 (31) | ||
| Asian | 291 (28) | 42 (14) | 53 (18) | ||
| Income | |||||
| <$35k | 289 (27) | 52 (18) | 0.56 | 94 (33) | <0.001 |
| $35K–$59K | 326 (31) | 46 (14) | 118 (36) | ||
| $60k+ | 388 (37 | 63 (16) | 200 (52) | ||
| non-responders | 58 (5) | 11 (19) | 23 (40) | ||
| Education | |||||
| <=HS | 250 (24) | 43 (17) | 0.756 | 95 (38) | <0.001 |
| some college/tech | 339 (32) | 51 (15) | 112 (33) | ||
| graduated college | 307 (29) | 47 (15) | 135 (44) | ||
| grad school | 164 (15) | 30 (18) | 91 (55) | ||
| Pregnancy Behaviors | |||||
| Illicit Drug Use | |||||
| Used drugs | 60 (6) | 10 (17) | 0.921 | 45 (75) | <0.001 |
| Did not use drugs | 1001 (94) | 162 (16) | 390 (39) | ||
| Smoking Status | |||||
| Smoked | 129 (12) | 23 (18) | 0.595 | 72 (56) | <0.001 |
| Did not smoke | 932 (88) | 149 (16) | 363 (39) | ||
| Exercise Status | |||||
| Exercised regularly | 319 (30) | 56 (18) | 0.424 | 159 (50) | <0.001 |
| Did not exercise regularly | 738 (70) | 115 (16) | 274 (37) | ||
| Caffeine Consumption | |||||
| Drank any caffeinated beverages | 797 (75) | 139 (17) | 0.059 | 359 (45) | <0.001 |
| Did not drink caffeinated beverages | 264 (25) | 33 (13) | 76 (29) | ||
| Pregnancy Intention | |||||
| Did not plan this pregnancy | 376 (35) | 72 (19) | 0.048 | 173 (46) | 0.015 |
| Planned this pregnancy | 684 (65) | 99 (14) | 262 (38) | ||
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| Underweight/normal | 709 (69) | 112 (16) | 0.822 | 295 (42) | 0.55 |
| Overweight/obese | 318 (31) | 52 (16) | 126 (40) | ||
| Previous Miscarriage History | |||||
| No miscarriage | 843 (79) | 134 (16) | 0.583 | 352 (42) | 0.324 |
| 1 + miscarriage | 218 (21) | 38 (17) | 83 (38) | ||
| Timing of Current Miscarriage | |||||
| Early (< 10 weeks gestation) | 12 (59) | NA | 47 (46) | 0.676 | |
| Late (10–20 weeks gestation) | 70 (41) | NA | 30 (43) | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | |||||
| Drank any alcohol | 435 (41) | 77 (18) | 0.272 | NA | |
| Did not drink any alcohol | 626 (59) | 95 (15) | NA | ||
| Frequency of Alcohol Consumption | |||||
| High (4+ drinks/week) | 32 (3) | 11 (34) | 0.016 | NA | |
| Low (<4 drinks/week) | 403 (38) | 66 (16) | NA | ||
| Abstainer | 626 (59) | 95 (15) | NA | ||
| Type of Alcohol | |||||
| Spirits | 56 (5) | 18 (32) | 0.013 | NA | |
| Wine | 160 (15) | 22 (14) | NA | ||
| Beer | 47 (4) | 10 (21) | NA | ||
| Combination | 172 (16) | 27 (16) | NA | ||
| Abstainer | 626 (59) | 95 (15) | NA | ||
| Multivitamin Supplements | |||||
| Did not take multivitamin supplements | 331 (31) | 74 (22) | 114 (34) | 0.003 | |
| Took multivitamin supplements | 730 (69) | 98 (13) | <0.001 | 321 (44) | |
| Timing of Multivitamin Supplement Commencement | |||||
| Non Multivitamin User | 331 (31) | 74 (22) | <0.001 | 114 (34) | 0.001 |
| Prenatal User | 475 (45) | 53 (11) | 196 (41) | ||
| Periconceptional User | 252 (24) | 45 (18) | 125 (50) |
1
p-value comparison for miscarriage versus no miscarriage
2
p-value comparison for alcohol intake versus no alcohol intake