Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients with type 2 diabetes and the control group
| Characteristic | Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetes | Control group | p value | Type 2 diabetes | Control group | p value | |
| n | 68 | 38 | – | 68 | 38 | – |
| Age (years) | 65.6 ± 5.6 | 64.8 ± 4.8 | 0.44 | 69.8 ± 5.6 | 68.9 ± 4.8 | 0.44 |
| Male sex (n) | 32 (47%) | 19 (50%) | 0.77 | – | – | – |
| Educational level (median (IQR)) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (4–5) | 0.87 | – | – | – |
| Estimated IQ (points) | 100 ± 16 | 103 ± 13 | 0.39 | 97 ± 15 | 98 ± 15 | 0.64 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 9.1 ± 6.3 | – | – | – | – | – |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Hypertensiona | 49 (72%) | 11 (29%) | <0.001 | 53 (78%) | 19 (50%) | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.0 | 26.7 ± 5.2 | 0.19 | 28.4 ± 4.8 | 26.7 ± 4.5 | 0.09 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| History of stroke | 3 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.65 | 3 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.65 |
| Any macrovascular eventb | 18 (27%) | 2 (5%) | 0.007 | 20 (29%) | 3 (8%) | 0.01 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 7.2 ± 5.0 | 4.4 ± 3.5 | 0.005 | 8.5 ± 7.0 | 5.5 ± 5.1 | 0.03 |
| Beck Depression Inventory >13 | 5 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.07 | 9 (16%) | 1 (3%) | 0.04 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise specified
aDefined as systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >95 mmHg or use of blood-pressure-lowering medication
bDefined as a history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or surgery or endovascular treatment for coronary, carotid of peripheral (legs, abdominal aorta) artery disease
p values derived using univariate analysis of variance
IQR, interquartile range