Table 2.
Characteristics of drug users studies in our systematic review (n=32)
| Citation | Location | Enrollment Date |
Recruitment Setting |
Sample (Drug users) |
Female % (n) |
Active Syphilis % (n) |
Unspecified Syphilis % (n) |
Total Syphilis % (n) |
Diagnostic Test |
HIV % (n) |
Syphilis/ HIV co-infection % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdala et al (2003) | St. Petersburg, Russia |
June 2000 – Aug 2000 |
SEP | 101 | 38.6 (39) | - | 6.9 (7) | 6.9 (7) | TREP- CHEK anti-Trep EIA (detects IgG antibodies) |
10.9 (11) |
0.0 (0 of 11) |
| Altaf et al (2007) | Karachi, Pakistan |
Oct 2003 – Nov 2003 |
SEP | 161 | 0.0 (0) | 13.0 (21) | - | 13.0 (21) | RPR, confirmed with TPHA |
0.6 (1) |
- |
| Azim et al (2000) | Bangladesh (4 regions) |
June 1998 – March 1999 |
Drug treatment |
402 | 0.3 (1) | 4.5 (18) | 12.9 (52) | 17.4 (70) | RPR, TPHA |
2.5 (10) |
- |
| Azim et al (2002) | Bangladesh (4 regions) |
June 1999 – June 2000 |
SEP, Drug treatment |
1236 | 0.4 (5) | 5.8 (72) | 15.4 (190) | 21.2 (262) | RPR, TPHA |
0.6 (7) |
- |
| Azim et al (2004) | Bangladesh (4 regions) |
2001 | SEP | 1015 | - | 2.2 (22) | 13.1 (133) | 15.3 (155) | RPR, TPHA |
0.7 (7) |
- |
| Azim et al (2004) | Bangladesh (4 regions) |
2002 | SEP | 1008 | - | 2.5 (25) | 13.7 (138) | 16.2 (163) | RPR+ & TPHA+ (represents non- active), TPHA & RPR titer of >=8 (represents reactive) |
1.6 (16) |
- |
| Azim et al (2006) | Dhaka, Bangladesh |
Dec 2004 – May 2005 |
Street outreach |
121 | 100 (121) | 9.1 (11) | 51.2 (62) | 60.3 (73) | RPR, TPPA (lifetime RPR titer <1:8), active RPR titer >= 1:8) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0 of 0) |
| Baqi et al (1998) | Karachi, Pakistan |
Apr 1994 – July 1994 |
Drug treatment |
474 (272 tested for syphilis) |
0.0 (0) | 6.6 (18 of 272) |
- | 6.6 (18 of 272) |
VDRL, confirmed with FTA- ABS |
0.0 (0 of 316) |
0.0 (0 of 0) |
| Beyrer et al (2004) | Mae Rim, Thailand |
Feb 1999 – Jan 2000 |
Drug treatment |
1865 | 10.7 (200) | - | 2.2 (41) | 2.2 (41) | RPR, followed by Serodia- TP-PA for antibody confirmation |
10.3 (192) |
- |
| Carey et al (2006) | Bangalore, India |
Apr 2001 – Oct 2001 |
Drug ftreatment |
356 | 2.0 (7) | - | 12.9 (46) | 12.9 (46) | T. pallidum antibodies |
1.1 (4) |
- |
| Chen et al (2005) | Yunnan, China |
Nov 1999 – May 2000 |
Drug treatment, Medical setting |
292 | 100 (292) | 11.3 (33) | - | 11.3 (33) | RPR, confirmed with TPHA |
17.8 (52) |
- |
| De Carvalho et al (1996) | Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
Oct 1990 – Dec 1992 |
Drug Treatment Street outreach |
220 (197 tested for syphilis) |
41.6 (89) | - | 34.0 (67 of 197) | 34.0 (67 of 197) |
FTA-abs | 57.0 (122 of 214) |
- |
| Dowe et al (2001) | Jamaica, West Indies |
1994 – 1999 | Drug treatment |
301 | 9.0 (27) | - | 6.3 (19) | 6.3 (19) | VDRL, FTA-ab |
2.7 (8) |
- |
| El Ghazzawi et al (1995) | Alexandria, Egypt |
June 1989 – Nov 1991 |
Drug treatment |
100 | 0.0 (0) | - | 3.0 (3) | 3.0 (3) | VDRL, MHA-TP |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0 of 0) |
| Frost et al (2007) | Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico |
Feb 2005 – April 2005 |
Community setting/ street outreach |
428 (413 tested for syphilis) |
8.2 (35) | - | 9.2 (38 of 413) | 9.2 (38 of 413) |
RPR | 3.3 (14) |
- |
| Go et al (2006) | Northern Vietnam |
Aug 2003 – Sept 2003 |
Street outreach |
309 | 3.6 (11) | - | 1.0 (3) | 1.0 (3) | RPR, TPHA |
- | - |
| Karapetyan et al (2002) | St. Petersbur g, Russia |
Apr 1998 – Dec 1998 |
Storefront/ street outreach (Mobile van) |
910 | 31.3 (285) | - | 11.5 (105) | 11.5 (105) | microprecipitation reaction w/ cardiolipid antigen, confirmation w/IFA (indirect fluorescent antibodies) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0 of 0) |
| Kurbanov et al (2003) | Uzbekistan | April 1999 – March 2000 |
Medical Settings |
18 | 11.1 (2) | - | 22.2 (4) | 22.2 (4) | TP Ab test |
100 (18) |
22.2 (4 of 18) |
| Liu et al (2006) | Anhui Province, China |
2003 | Drug treatment |
312 | 38.8 (121) | - | 11.2 (35) | 11.2 (35) | TRUST followed by TP-PA for confirmation |
0.3 (1) |
- |
| Ostrovskii et al (1999) | St. Petersburg, Russia |
- | Storefront/ street outreach (Mobile van) |
900 | - | - | 11.0 (99) | 11.0 (99) | - | 0.1 (1) |
- |
| Panda et al (1997) | Calcutta, India |
Nov 1994 – Feb 1995 |
drug treatment, jails |
111 | 0.0 (0) | - | 6.3 (7) | 6.3 (7) | VDRL | 0.9 (1) |
- |
| Panda et al (1998) | Calcutta, India |
July 1996 – Sept 1996 |
Street outreach |
103 (91 tested for syphilis) |
0.0 (0) | - | 4.4 (4 of 91) | 4.4 (4 of 91) |
VDRL (1/8 dilution) |
1.1 (1 of 91) |
- |
| Panda et al (2002) | Kolkata, India |
Dec 1999 – June 2000 |
Street outreach |
249 | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 6.8 (17) | 6.8 (17) | VDRL (active), TPHA (lifetime) |
1.2 (3) |
- |
| Panda et al (2007) | Chennai, India |
Apr 2003 – July 2003 |
Street outreach |
211 | 0.0 (0) | 0.9 (2) | - | 0.9 (2) | RPR, TPHA (said active) |
0.0 (0) |
- |
| Peak et al (1995) | Kathmandu, Nepal |
1991 | Storefront/ Street outreach |
127 | 10.2 (13) | - | 14.2 (18) | 14.2 (18) | VDRL | 1.6 (2) |
- |
| Peak et al (1995) | Kathmandu, Nepal |
1992 | Storefront/ Street outreach |
39 | 7.7 (3) | - | 10.3 (4) | 10.3 (4) | VDRL | 2.6 (1) |
- |
| Peak et al (1995) | Kathmandu, Nepal |
1993 | Storefront/ Street outreach |
141 | 5.0 (7) | - | 14.2 (20) | 14.2 (20) | VDRL | 0.0 (0) |
- |
| Peak et al (1995) | Kathmandu, Nepal |
1994 | Storefront/ Street outreach |
117 | 3.4 (4) | - | 5.1 (6) | 5.1 (6) | VDRL | 0.0 (0) |
- |
|
Rhodes et al (2006)/ Platt et al (2007) |
Moscow, Volgogradand Barnaul, Russia |
Sept 2003 – Nov 2003 |
Community setting/ Street outreach |
1473 | 29.4 (433) | - | 10.7 (157) | 10.7 (157) | TP Ab test (ICE Syphilis, anenzyme immunoas say (EIA) modified for use with oral fluid) |
7.6 (112) |
14.3 (16 of 112) |
| Ruan et al (2004) | Sichuan province, China |
Nov 2002 – Nov 2004 |
Community setting |
379 | 17.4 (66) | 15.3 (58) | - | 15.3 (58) | ELISA Ab, confirmed with TPPA |
11.3 (43) |
30.2 (13 of 43) |
| Rumi et al (2000) | Bangladesh | Aug 1994 – May 1996 |
Medical setting |
198 | 0.0 (0) | - | 5.1 (10) | 5.1 (10) | PRP, TPHA |
1.0 (2) |
- |
| Wai et al (1996) | Kelantan, Malaysia |
- | Drug treatment |
171 | 100 (171) | - | 38.6 (66) | 38.6 (66) | VDRL, TPHA |
8.2 (14) |
- |