Population Stratification of the Han Chinese
The PCA plots were oriented with PC1 on the y axis and with PC2 on the x axis. These plots were obtained by using all 107,565 SNPs.
(A) The cluster and stratification of the samples from the ten provinces of China, showing an evident north-south genetic differentiation.
(B) The samples from Beijing (purple) (CHB samples from the International HapMap project), Shanghai (orange), and Singapore (yellow) were compared against the provincial samples. The majority of the Singapore samples fall in the southern (lower) sector, whereas the Beijing and Shanghai samples were largely located within the northern (upper) sector.
(C) The three dialect groups from the Guangdong province were shown against all of the Han Chinese samples from the ten provinces. There was stratification among the three dialect groups, along the same north-south trend observed for the overall Han Chinese.