|
Bacteria
|
|
Burkholderia cepacea
|
Ubiquitous in soils and waters and associated habitats |
Unusually large genome harboring genes for a multitude of traits related to ecological fitness including the capacity to use a large spectrum of carbon sources |
[67]
|
|
Dickyea spp. including D. chrysanthemi and Pectobacterium carotovorum (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. carotovora) |
Oceanic aerosols, soils, alpine rivers, and other surface water, snow |
Capacity of pectolytic bacteria to obtain nutrients from rotting plant material and to use a wide range of carbon sources; cell surface properties than foster condensation of water vapor; growth and survival as a facultative anaerobe |
[68]–[71]
|
|
Pantoea agglomerans
|
Fecal matter, soil, surface waters |
This bacterium is generally an opportunistic plant pathogen that is normally a fit saprophyte |
[72],[73]
|
|
Pseudomonas syringae
|
Clouds, snow rain, epilithic biofilms, wild alpine plants (substrates linked to the water cycle) |
Biofilm formation; production of toxins and siderophores; survival of freezing |
[74],[75]
|
|
Rhodococcus fascians
|
Soil, ice, polar seawater, lesions on animals, rinds of cheese |
Sexual promiscuity favoring acquisition of diverse plasmid-borne traits; capacity to shift metabolic pathways as a function of food base |
[76]–[78]
|
|
Streptomyces spp. |
Ubiquitous in soil and water |
Production of a diverse array of degradative enzymes critical to saprophytic lifestyle; capacity to produce a wide range of antibiotics important in species interactions; resistant to many antibiotics |
[29]
|
|
Fungi
|
|
Alternaria spp. |
Most Alternaria species are common saprophytes; found in soil or decaying plant tissues and atmospheric aerosols |
Derive energy as a result of cellulytic activity. Production of toxic secondary metabolites. Production of melanin protecting against environmental stress or unfavorable conditions (extreme temperatures, UV radiation and compounds secreted by microbial antagonists). |
[79],[80]
|
|
Aspergillus spp. |
Marine and terrestrial habitats, soil; associated with insects, humans, and other animals |
Production of toxins including aflatoxins; production of siderophores and degradative enzymes (pectinases, proteases) |
[81]–[84]
|
|
Cladosporium spp. |
Soil; atmospheric aerosols |
Carbohydrate-binding protein modules (LysM effectors). No other suppositions found in the literature. |
[18],[79],[81],[83]
|
|
Fusarium spp. |
Soil; extreme saline soil habitats; marine and fluvial habitats |
Production of defense-related metabolites (antibiotics, trichotecenes, mycotoxins…) and of siderophores; vigor in competitive use of foods, ability to colonize a wide range of substrates |
[81], [83], [85]–[89]
|
|
Leptosphaeria maculans
|
Can survive as a saprobe for many years on debris |
Maintains numerous genes required for saprophytic life (for nutrient acquisition, competition with soil microflora), necrotrophic parasitism via toxins and degradative enzymes |
[90]
|
|
Mucorales: Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. |
Soil and a variety of organic substrates; marine habitats including insect cadavers |
Production of siderophores (by Rhizopus) |
[81]–[83],[91]
|
|
Pythium spp. (nonobligate parasitic oomycetes) |
Soil and water |
No suppositions found in the literature |
[92]
|
|
Penicillium spp. |
Soil, sediment-rich subglacial ice; atmospheric aerosols |
Production of toxins and siderophores |
[79], [81]–[83],[93]
|
|
Viruses
|
| Tomato mosaic virus |
Clouds, glacial ice, soil of pristine forests |
Overall stability of tobamoviruses |
[94]–[96]
|
