Table 2.

Tissue distribution and physiological functions of individual mammalian isoforms

AC isoforms	Site of expression	Availability of		Physiological functions
		knockout	overexpression
AC1	Brain, adrenal medulla	Yes		Learning, memory, synaptic plasticity, opi- ate withdrawal
AC2	Brain, lung, skeletal muscle, heart
AC3	Olfactory epithelium, pancreas, brain, heart, lung, testis, BAT	Yes		Olfaction, sperm function
AC4	Widespread
AC5	Heart, striatum, kidney, liver, lung, testis, adrenal, BAT	Yes	Yes1	Cardiac contraction, motor coordination, opiate dependency, pain responses
AC6	Heart, kidney, liver, lung, brain, testis, skeletal muscle, adrenal, BAT	Yes	Yes1	Cardiac contraction and calcium sensitivity
AC7	Widespread		Yes1	Ethanol dependency
AC8	Brain, lung, pancreas, testis, adrenal	Yes	Yes1	Learning, memory, synaptic plasticity, opi- ate withdrawal
AC9	Widespread	Yes2
sAC	Testis and detected in all tissues	Yes		Sperm capacitation, fertilization

Sites of expression for all mammalian isoforms of AC have previously been expertly reviewed in detail [57, 176]. Expression patterns of ACs in developmental stages of mouse brain are found in Visel et al. [137].

¹Tissue-directed overexpression.

²Unpublished results [76].