TABLE 3.
Unadjusted Hazard Ratios (HRs) for 34-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Associated With Baseline Characteristics, by Racial Group: Alameda County Study, 1965–1999
| Blacks, HR (95% CI) | Whites, HR (95% CI) | |
| Racial group (White = reference) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.1) | 1.0 |
| Age, y (continuous) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
| Gender | ||
| Women | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) |
| Men (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Marital status | ||
| Unmarried | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
| Married (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Childhood SEPa | ||
| Low | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) |
| High (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Height, inches (continuous) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
| Education, y (continuous) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) |
| ≤ 12 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) |
| > 12 (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Income, 1999 $ (continuous) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) |
| Occupation | ||
| Blue collar | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| White collar (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Health insurance | ||
| No | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
| Yes (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Regular health provider | ||
| No | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) |
| Yes (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Depression | ||
| Yes | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) |
| No (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| High blood pressure | ||
| Yes | 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) |
| No (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| BMIb (continuous) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) |
| Obese | 2.1 (1.0, 4.4) | 6.4 (4.4, 9.3) |
| Overweight | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) |
| Normal/underweight (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Waist circumference (continuous) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
| Largec | 2.0 (0.9, 4.5) | 4.5 (3.0, 6.7) |
| Normal (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Physical activity level | ||
| Inactive/low activity | 1.8 (0.8, 4.2) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) |
| Moderate activity | 1.6 (0.7, 3.8) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| High activity (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current smoker | 1.6 (0.9, 3.1) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) |
| Former smoker | 1.4 (0.5, 3.6) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) |
| Never smoked (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Drinking | ||
| Abstained from drinking | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
| 1–45 drinks/mo (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| > 46 drinks/mo | 1.2 (0.5, 2.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; SEP = socioeconomic position. For Blacks, n = 648; for Whites, n = 4774.
Childhood SEP was based on a respondent's father's occupation (or education when occupation data were not available [6.5% of total]), as follows: low = manual (blue-collar) occupation or 12 years or fewer of education; high = white-collar occupation or more than 12 years of education [reference]).
BMI categories were as follows: obese = 30 kg/m2 or higher; overweight = 25.0–29.9 kg/m2; normal and underweight = 24.9 kg/m2 or lower.
Large waist circumference was defined as more than 34.6 inches for women and more than 40.2 inches for men.