TABLE 4.
Hazard Ratios (HRs) for 34-Year Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated With Life-Course Socioeconomic Factors, by Racial Group: Alameda County Study, 1965–1999
| Model | Childhood SEP,a HR (95% CI) | Education,b HR (95% CI) | Income,c HR (95% CI) | Occupation,d HR (95% CI) |
| Blacks | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) |
| Model 2 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) |
| Model 3 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) |
| Model 4 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Model 5 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) |
| Model 6 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Model 7 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Model 8 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Model 9 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.4) |
| Whites | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| Model 2 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| Model 3 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Model 4 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) |
| Model 5 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
| Model 6 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| Model 7 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
| Model 8 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) |
| Model 9 | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. All covariates were measured at baseline. For Blacks, n = 648; for Whites, n = 4774. Models are as follows: model 1, unadjusted; model 2 adjusted for age, gender, and marital status; model 3, adjusted for age, gender, marital status, and childhood SEP measures (parental occupation or education, own height and education); model 4 adjusted for age, gender, marital status, and adult SEP measures (income, occupation); model 5 adjusted for age, gender, marital status, childhood SEP measures, adult SEP measures, and health insurance status; model 6 adjusted for age, gender, marital status, body mass index (continuous), and waist circumference (continuous); model 7 adjusted for age, gender, marital status, physical activity, alcohol use, and smoking; model 8 adjusted for age, gender, marital status, regular access to a medical doctor or clinic, depression, and high blood pressure; model 9 adjusted for all covariates.
Dichotomous variable. Childhood SEP was based on a respondent's father's occupation (or education when occupation data were not available [6.5% of total]), as follows: low = manual (blue-collar) occupation or 12 years or fewer of education; high = white-collar occupation or more than 12 years of education [reference]).
Dichotomous variable. Twelve years or fewer vs more than 12 years (reference).
Continuous variable.
Dichotomous variable. Blue-collar occupation vs white-collar occupation (reference).