Table 1.
Patients with and without reported contraindications to early beta-blocker during ACS hospitalization.
| Variable | Total population (n=112,448) | Reported Contraindication to Beta-blocker | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=100,737) | Yes (n=11,711) | |||
| Age (years) | 68 (56, 79) | 67 (56, 78) | 73 (61, 82) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 (24.4, 32.2) | 28.0 (24.6, 32.3) | 26.7 (23.2, 30.8) | <0.0001 |
| Male | 59.9% | 60.2% | 56.9% | <0.0001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 80.2% | 80.0% | 82.1% | |
| Black | 10.5% | 10.5% | 9.7% | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 4.1% | 4.2% | 3.9% | |
| Asian | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.3% | |
| Other | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | |
| Missing | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | |
| Insurance status | ||||
| HMO/Private | 43.8% | 44.4% | 38.3% | |
| Medicare | 44.1% | 43.3% | 51.8% | |
| Military/VAMC | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.2% | <0.0001 |
| Medicaid | 3.9% | 4.0% | 3.4% | |
| Self/None | 6.1% | 6.3% | 4.6% | |
| Missing | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.7% | |
| History of hypertension | 71.3% | 71.7% | 67.9% | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 33.5% | 33.7% | 31.7% | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 11.6% | 11.3% | 14.1% | <0.0001 |
| Renal insufficiency | 13.8% | 13.2% | 18.3% | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 52.5% | 53.1% | 47.1% | <0.0001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 29.0% | 28.9% | 29.4% | 0.28 |
| Prior PCI | 21.6% | 22.0% | 18.4% | <0.0001 |
| Prior CABG | 19.2% | 19.4% | 18.2% | 0.001 |
| Prior stroke | 10.2% | 10.0% | 12.4% | <0.0001 |
| Prior heart failure | 17.3% | 16.5% | 24.4% | <0.0001 |
| Current/recent smoker | 27.1% | 27.2% | 25.9% | 0.009 |
| Heart failure symptoms on admission | 23.6% | 22.3% | 35.7% | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate on admission (bpm) | 83 (70, 99) | 83 (71, 98) | 81 (64, 102) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP on admission (mm Hg) | 144 (124, 165) | 145 (126, 166) | 132 (109, 154) | <0.0001 |
| Teaching hospital | 31.7% | 32.0% | 28.8% | <0.0001 |
| Hospital region | ||||
| West | 11.1% | 10.7% | 15.2% | |
| Northeast | 22.8% | 23.0% | 21.4% | |
| Midwest | 35.9% | 36.1% | 34.2% | <0.0001 |
| South | 30.1% | 30.2% | 29.2% | |
| Missing | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | |
Continuous variables are presented as median (25th, 75th). BMI = body mass index; bpm = beats per minute; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; HMO = health maintenance organization; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; BP = blood pressure; VAMC = Veterans Administration Medical Center.