Table 2.
Urinary cotinine, expired carbon monoxide, self-reported smoking, and Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU-brief) outcomes, covarying for baseline, by treatment group
| DCS Mean (SD) |
Placebo Mean (SD) |
Total Mean (SD) |
F | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary Cotinine (ng/mL) | |||||
| Experimental session 1* | 1492.6 (677.2) | 2530.3 (1830.3) | 2032.2 (1471.7) | .36 | .55 |
| 1-week follow-up | 1509.1 (1026.1) | 2135.2 (1353.1) | 1822.1 (1214.8) | .36 | .55 |
| Experimental session 2 | 1602.5 (680.5) | 1441.2 (937.0) | 1512.8 (813.8) | 3.1 | .10 |
| 4-week follow-up | 1645.5 (1180.8) | 2062.6 (1091.1) | 1877.6 (1117.9) | .02 | .89 |
| Expired Carbon Monoxide (CO) | |||||
| Experimental session 1 | 8.2 (5.3) | 12.6 (5.6) | 10.6 (5.8) | 2.8 | .11 |
| 1-week follow-up | 10.2 (3.9) | 16.8 (8.8) | 13.7 (7.6) | 8.3 | .01 |
| Experimental session 2 | 6.4 (3.5) | 10.9 (7.1) | 8.9 (6.1) | 2.6 | .13 |
| 4-week follow-up | 11.1 (4.8) | 17.6 (9.9) | 14.7 (8.5) | 4.2 | .06 |
| # cigarettes smoked per day | |||||
| 1-week follow-up | 10.3 (6.3) | 13.9 (12.7) | 12.0 (9.7) | .06 | .80 |
| 4-week follow-up | 9.9 (7.7) | 11.0 (9.2) | 10.4 (8.2) | .35 | .56 |
| QSU-brief | |||||
| 1-week follow-up | n = 10 | n = 11 | |||
| Factor 1† | 12.9 (9.1) | 16.9 (7.4) | 15.0 (8.3) | 1.2 | .28 |
| Factor 2 | 5.0 (5.6) | 5.4 (2.1) | 5.2 (4.1) | .04 | .84 |
| 4-week follow-up | n = 7 | n = 10 | |||
| Factor 1 | 10.3 (6.3) | 12.5 (5.9) | 11.6 (6.0) | .55 | .47 |
| Factor 2 | 4.0 (2.6) | 5.0 (2.6) | 4.5 (2.6) | .48 | .50 |
| QSU-brief§ | DCS | Placebo | Group t (p-value) |
Time t (p-value) |
Group × Time t (p-value) |
| Experimental session #1 | n = 12 | n = 13 | |||
| Factor 1† | −.66 (p = .51) | −7.1 (p < .001) | −1.8 (p = .08) | ||
| Time point 1 | 23.6 | 26.2 | |||
| Time point 11 | 13.1 | 19.9 | |||
| Experimental session #1 | |||||
| Factor 2 | −.36 (p = .72) | −5.4 (p < .001) | −.90 (p = .37) | ||
| Time point 1 | 7.1 | 7.6 | |||
| Time point 11 | 3.6 | 5.1 | |||
| Experimental session #2 | n = 8 | n = 10 | |||
| Factor 1 | −.98 (p = .34) | −4.9 (p < .001) | .25 (p = .80) | ||
| Time point 1 | 17.5 | 21.7 | |||
| Time point 11 | 12.6 | 16.2 | |||
| Experimental session #2 | |||||
| Factor 2 | −1.6 (p = .14) | −.86 (p = .39) | 1.9 (p = .06) | ||
| Time point 1 | 3.9 | 5.7 | |||
| Time point 11 | 4.3 | 4.7 |
At experimental session 1, n = 12 in the DCS group and n = 13 in the placebo group. At experimental session 2, n = 8 in the DCS group and n = 10 in the placebo group. At 1 week follow-up, n = 11 (total n = 22) in each treatment group, and at 4 week follow-up, n = 8 in the DCS group and n = 10 in the placebo group.
QSU-brief at experimental session 1 and 2 is the estimated self-reported urge-to-smoke mean ratings of eleven QSU-brief measures administered every 40 minutes throughout each experimental session. We presented only the estimated means for the QSU-brief delivered at time point 1 and time point 11 to show differences between scores at the beginning and end of the QSU-brief administration.
Factor 1 of the QSU-brief represents smoking as the result of the ‘desire to smoke’, while Factor 2 represents smoking to ‘relieve negative affect’.