Table 4.

Examples of adaptation actions that focus on replication as a means of supporting resilience; many of these options are not yet proven and require testing

Adaptation approach: replicate
National Forests (Joyce and others 2008)
✓ Spread risks by increasing ecosystem redundancy and buffers in both natural environments and plantations
National Parks (Baron and others 2008)
✓ Practice bet-hedging by replicating populations and gene pools of desired species
National Wildlife Refuges (Scott and others 2008)
✓ Provide redundant refuge types to reduce risk to trust species
Wild & Scenic Rivers (Palmer and others 2008)
✓ Establish special protection for multiple headwater reaches that support keystone processes or sensitive species
National Estuaries (Peterson and others 2008)
✓ When restoring oyster reefs, replicate reefs along a depth gradient to allow fish and crustaceans to survive when depth-dependant environmental degradation occurs
✓ Support migrating shorebirds by ensuring protection of replicated estuaries along the flyway
Marine Protected Areas (Keller and others 2008)
✓ Replicate habitat types in multiple areas to spread risks associated with climate change