Table 1.
Correlates of Trabecular and Cortical vBMD in Men of African Ancestry
| Variable | Mean (±SD) or frequency (prevalence) | Unit |
Age- and weight-adjusted percent difference in vBMD per unit (95% CI) |
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|
Radius |
Tibia |
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| Trabecular vBMD | Cortical vBMD | Trabecular vBMD | Cortical vBMD | |||
| Age (yr)* | 59.1 ± 10.4 | 10 | −2.62 (−3.65, −1.58) | −0.62 (−0.70, −0.54) | −0.09 (−0.88, 0.69) | −0.52 (−0.61, −0.43) |
| Body weight (kg)† | 83.9 ± 14.5 | 10 | 1.11 (0.35, 1.87) | −0.26 (−0.31, −0.20) | 2.36 (1.79, 2.94) | −0.32 (−0.37, −0.25) |
| Standing height (cm) | 175.0 ± 6.7 | 6.7 | −4.07 (−5.25, −2.89) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) | −4.18 (−5.05, −3.30) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.02) |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 27.4 ± 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.00 (1.93, 4.07) | −0.37 (−0.45, −0.28) | 4.63 (3.83, 5.42) | −0.36 (−0.45, −0.27) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.1 ± 10.7 | 10.7 | 0.76 (−1.46, 2.97) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.20) | 2.70 (1.06, 4.35) | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.33)‡ |
| Grip strength (kg) | 42.7 ± 10.1 | 10.1 | 0.21 (−1.19, 1.60) | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.01)‡ | −1.24 (−2.29, −0.20) | −0.12 (−0.23, −0.00) |
| Daily dietary calcium intake (mg) | 465.4 ± 219.3 | 0.60 (−0.48, 1.68) | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.10) | 0.67 (−0.13, 1.48)‡ | −0.00 (−0.09, 0.08) | |
| Daily caffeine intake in top quartile | 364 (20.0) | 0.47 (−2.29, 3.23) | −0.20 (−0.41, 0.00)‡ | 0.99 (−1.07, 3.05) | −0.10 (−0.32, 0.12) | |
| Total body fat mass (kg)† | 17.6 ± 6.9 | 6.9 | 1.53 (0.45, 2.62) | −0.30 (−0.38, −0.22) | 3.29 (2.48, 4.11) | −0.33 (−0.42, −0.24) |
| Total body lean mass (kg)† | 64.2 ± 8.7 | 8.7 | 1.50 (0.33, 2.67) | −0.88 (−1.09, −0.67) | 6.88 (4.75, 9.01) | −1.16 (−1.39, −0.93) |
| Percent fat mass (%)† | 21.0 ± 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.15 (1.24, 9.06) | −0.36 (−0.49, −0.24) | 4.69 (2.48, 5.90) | −0.36 (−0.50, −0.23) |
| Mixed African ancestry | 170 (8.9) | −1.20 (−4.95, 2.55) | −0.37 (−0.65, −0.08) | 2.09 (−0.70, 4.89) | −0.31 (−0.61, −0.01) | |
| Diabetes | 311 (16.4) | 3.45 (0.48, 6.42) | 0.40 (0.18, 0.62) | 5.22 (3.01, 7.43) | 0.37 (0.13, 0.62) | |
| Hypertension | 620 (32.8) | 0.31 (−2.09, 2.71) | 0.04 (−0.14, 0.22) | 1.17 (−0.63, 2.96) | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) | |
| CVD | 67 (3.5) | 2.08 (−3.74, 7.9) | 0.20 (−0.24, 0.64) | 3.17 (−1.30, 7.63) | 0.07 (−0.42, 0.55) | |
| Prostate cancer | 291 (15.3) | −0.25 (−3.43, 2.92) | −0.39 (−0.63, −0.15) | 0.03 (−2.36, 2.43) | −0.33 (−0.59, −0.07) | |
| Androgen deprivation therapy | 61 (3.3) | 2.18 (−4.05, 8.41) | −0.84 (−1.33, −0.35) | 0.64 (−4.04, 5.32) | −0.88 (−1.42, −0.35) | |
| Excellent/good overall health | 1718 (91.3) | 1.74 (−2.14, 5.62) | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.25) | 0.27 (−2.65, 3.20) | −0.29 (−0.61, 0.02)‡ | |
| Personal history of fracture | 367 (19.3) | −3.24 (−5.97, −0.51) | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.02)‡ | −1.52 (−3.55, 0.51) | −0.26 (−0.48, −0.04) | |
| Maternal history of fracture | 80 (4.9) | −4.64 (−9.98, 0.69)‡ | 0.03 (−0.37, 0.43) | −1.50 (−5.45, 2.46) | −0.04 (−0.47, 0.38) | |
| Paternal history of fracture | 68 (4.3) | −0.80 (−6.62, 5.02) | −0.34 (−0.78, 0.10) | 0.50 (−3.77, 4.78) | −0.38 (−0.84, 0.09) | |
| Paternal or maternal fracture history | 141 (9.3) | −2.84 (−6.98, 1.30) | −0.16 (−0.47, 0.15) | −0.54 (−3.59, 2.51) | −0.26 (−0.59, 0.08) | |
| Difficulty performing daily activities caused by back pain | 176 (9.8) | −2.89 (−6.77, 0.98) | −0.20 (−0.49, 0.10) | −1.20 (−4.17, 1.76) | −0.11 (−0.43, 0.22) | |
| Ever smoked | 619 (32.7) | −5.16 (−7.44, −2.88) | −0.19 (−0.36, −0.02) | −3.89 (−5.59, −2.19) | −0.18 (−0.36, 0.01)‡ | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Past smoker vs. nonsmoker | 420 (22.2) | −3.74 (−6.36, −1.12) | −0.16 (−0.35, 0.04) | −3.06 (−5.02, −1.09) | −0.12 (−0.36, 0.06) | |
| Current smoker vs. nonsmoker | 199 (10.5) | −8.17 (−11.77, −4.58) | −0.27 (−0.54, −0.00) | −5.61 (−8.26, −2.96) | −0.23 (−0.52, 0.06) | |
| Alcohol intake ≥1 drink/wk | 358 (18.9) | −1.96 (−4.71, 0.79) | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.33) | −1.47 (−3.51, 0.57) | 0.12 (−0.10, 0.34) | |
| TV watching ≥14 h/wk | 722 (38.2) | 0.01 (−2.21, 2.22) | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.29) | −0.58 (−2.24, 1.07) | 0.19 (0.01, 0.37) | |
| Walk ≥3.5 h/wk | 545 (29.1) | −0.72 (−3.11, 1.68) | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.24) | 0.29 (−1.49, 2.08) | −0.00 (−0.20, 0.19) | |
| Walk ≥5–7 d/wk | 1192 (63.1) | 0.18 (−2.06, 2.42) | −0.11 (−0.28, 0.06) | 1.13 (−0.55, 2.79) | −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | |
| Bone chewing >5 d/wk | 278 (14.8) | 3.32 (0.27, 6.37) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.23) | 2.38 (0.10, 4.65) | 0.01 (−0.24, 0.25) | |
| ≥1 glass of milk/d during teens | 1588 (84.2) | 0.57 (−2.38, 3.52) | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.20) | 0.73 (−1.48, 2.94) | 0.07 (−0.17, 0.31) | |
| ≥1 glass of milk/d at age 18–50 yr | 1260 (67.0) | 1.28 (−1.05, 3.61) | 0.02 (−0.15, 0.19) | 1.24 (−0.50, 2.97) | 0.03 (−0.16, 0.21) | |
| Calcium supplement ≥3 times/wk | 323 (17.5) | −1.45 (−4.31, 1.41) | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.26) | −1.27 (−3.40, 0.86) | −0.05 (−0.28, 0.18) | |
| Vitamin D supplement ≥3 times/wk | 221 (12.1) | 0.66 (−2.68, 3.99) | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.22) | 1.31 (−1.19, 3.80) | −0.24 (−0.51, 0.03) | |
| Use of nonthiadize diuretics | 26 (1.4) | −1.65 (−11.11, 7.80) | −0.03 (−0.78, 0.72) | 0.06 (−6.96, 7.08) | −0.45 (−1.25, 0.35) | |
| Use of thiadize diuretics | 195 (10.5) | 1.20 (−2.40, 4.80) | 0.01 (−0.26, 0.28) | 0.61 (−2.11, 3.32) | 0.07 (−0.22, 0.36) | |
| Use of glucocorticoids | 12 (0.64) | −2.60 (−16.14, 10.9) | −0.26 (−1.32, 0.79) | −3.00 (−13.99, 7.99) | −0.12 (−1.29, 1.06) | |
Bold indicates p < 0.05.
* Unadjusted
† Age adjusted only.
‡ Variables with p value between 0.05 and 0.10.