. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Dec 11.

Published in final edited form as: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002 Sep;31(3):299–311. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_02

Table 2. Precursor Skill Deficits for Children With Different First-Grade Problem Profiles.

	First-Grade Problem Profiles

	Aggressive–Withdrawn		Aggressive		Withdrawn		Non-problem Comparisons

Kindergarten Skills	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F
Social skills
Emotion recognition	9.66^b	0.37	11.06^a	0.24	10.56^ab	0.32	11.29^a	0.15	6.52^***
Emotion expression	3.19^b	0.11	3.60^a	0.07	3.54^ab	0.09	3.55^a	0.04	3.99^**
Competent SPS	0.66	0.03	0.64	0.02	0.63	0.03	0.64	0.01	0.45
Aggressive SPS	0.12	0.02	0.15	0.01	0.20	0.02	0.16	0.01	0.17
Prosocial (teacher)	1.57^b	0.10	1.70^ab	0.07	1.76^ab	0.09	1.89^a	0.04	3.81^**
Prosocial (parent)	2.10	0.09	2.19	0.06	2.22	0.08	2.20	0.03	2.10⁺
Cognitive skills
Inattention (teacher)	15.27^a	1.12	14.89^ab	0.73	14.35^b	0.95	12.85^c	0.44	2.76^*
Inattention (parent)	4.39	0.36	4.76	0.24	4.87	0.32	4.85	0.14	0.51
WISC subscales	17.51^b	1.11	19.84^ab	0.74	17.18^b	0.96	20.53^a	0.44	4.87^**

Note: Kindergarten aggression and withdrawal were covariates. SPS = Social Problem Solving measure; WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Different superscripts designate significantly different adjusted least square means within row (p < .05).

⁺

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.