Table 1.

Overview of Predictor Measures

Construct	Data set and items
Temperamental resistance to control
	BLS and CDP
	Persist in playing with objects when told to leave them alone;
	Continue to go someplace even when told “stop,” “come here,” “no-no”;
	Upset when removed from something she or he is interested in but should not be getting into;
	How much cuddle and snuggle when held (scaled from a lot to very little, seldom snuggles).
Observed maternal restrictive control
	BLS
	Molecular code factor composites
	Management (13 months; prohibit/scold/warn, take away object, restrain baby);
	Negative Control (24 months; prohibit, scold, repeat prohibition, physical punishment, remove or restrain child, remove object).
	Observer ratings composites
	HOME Avoidance of Restriction and Punishment (13 months; lack of hostility. punishment, physical restraint directed toward child by mother);
	Post-Observation Questionnaire Mother Non-Punitive (24 months; infrequent scold or punish, mild punishment).
	CDP
	Restrictive control events (5 years; child acts immaturely or irresponsibly, which is followed by mother negative control (e.g., prohibit, demand, yell, warn, criticize/scold/shame).

Note. BLS = Bloomington Longitudinal Study; CDP = Child Development Project; HOME = Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.