Table 3.

Standardized/Unstandardized Total Effects of Antecedent Constructs on Grandchildren's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems, by Group

	Grandchild gender		Grandchild age			Grandmother race		Grandmother age
Antecedent construct	Boys	Girls	4-7	8-11	12-17	White	Black	≤ 55	> 55
Internalizing Problems
Grandmother psychological distress	.41/.10*	.47/.11*	.53/.11*	.39/.09*	.37/.09*	.41/.11*	.37/.07*	.47/.09*	.35/.09*
Dysfunctional parenting	.21/.17*	.64/.45*	.29/.20*	.38/.29*	.36/.28*	.27/.21*	.55/.39*	.38/.28*	.41/.31*
Family dysfunction	.16/.11*	.22/.14*	.19/.10*	.14/.09*	.15/.11*	.14/.10*	.22/.14*	.19/.11*	.14/.10*
Social support	−.21/−.51*	−.17/−.40*	−.18/−.36*	−.31/−.68*	−.23/−.68*	−.19/−.45*	−.25/−.57*	−.21/−.49*	−.22/−.52*
Grandmother health	−.08/−.15*	−.13/−.21*	−.17/−.27*	−.03/−.05	−.07/−.14	−.09/−.16*	−.12/−.19*	−.13/−.20*	−.08/−.14*
Education	−.05/−.09	−.07/−.10	−.06/−.09	−.20/−.27*	.03/.06	−.06/−.09	−.04/−.06	−.07/−.12*	−.07/−.07
Household income	.01/.00	−.05/−.04	.03/.02	.03/.03	−.04/−.04	.02/.02	−.05/−.04	−.01/−.01	−.02/−.02
Externalizing Problems
Grandmother psychological distress	.32/.08*	.42/.10*	.49/.12*	.25/.06*	.29/.09*	.37/.10*	.28/.06*	.37/.08*	.31/.08*
Dysfunctional parenting	.57/.45*	.76/.60*	.49/.38*	.68/.56*	.71/.50*	.64/.53*	.66/.49*	.53/.42*	.83/.63*
Family dysfunction	.19/12*	.24/.16*	.16/.10*	.19/.13*	.19/.13*	.17/.13*	.23/.16*	.19/.13*	.20/.14*
Social support	−.32/−.73*	−.15/−.36*	−.18/−.42*	−.34/−.81*	−.33/−.86*	−.24/−.58*	−.24/−.58*	−.20/−.50*	−.28/−.66*
Grandmother health	−.02/−.04	−.10/−.18*	−.15/−.28*	.04/.07	−.01/−.02	−.03/−.06	−.10/−.16*	−.09/−.15	−.04/−.07
Education	−.06/−.09	−.07/−.11	−.05/−.08	−.25/−.38*	.06/.10	−.08/−.14	−.04/−.06	−.07/−.13	−.05/−.07
Household income	−.04/−.04	−.07/−.06	−.01/−.00	.03/.02	−.08/−.07	−.01−.01	−.06/−.06	−.02/−.02	−.06/−.05

Note: Total effects were estimated in the final version of the measurement model for each grouping.

^*p < .05.